If the number of prime numbers not exceeding a natural number x is represented by π( x ), then when x is large, π( x ) is given by x / log x , and the desired approximation approaches the true value as x becomes larger; in other words, when x →∞, the ratio of π( x ) to x / log x approaches 1. This is called the Prime Number Theorem. Since C. F. Gauss predicted this as a boy, it remained a major issue throughout the 19th century. P. Chebyshev was the first to show in the 1850s that the ratio between the two was bounded both above and below, but the final proof was given by J. Hadamard and Belgian mathematician C. de la Vallee-Poussin at almost the same time (1896) and using almost the same method. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
自然数 x をこえない素数の個数を π(x) で表わすと,π(x) は x が大きければ x/ log x によって与えられ,求められる近似値は x が大きくなるほどより真の値に近づく,言い換えれば,π(x) は x→∞ のとき,x/ log x との比が1に近づく。これを素数定理という。これは,C.F.ガウスが少年の頃に予測してから,19世紀を通じて大きな課題になっていた。これについては,1850年代に P.チェビシェフが初めて両者の比が上下に有界なことを示したが,最終的な証明は,J.アダマールとベルギーの数学者 C.ド・ラ・バレ=プーサンによって,ほとんど同時に (1896) ,ほとんど同じ方法でなされた。
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