A geological period that is the latter half of the Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era, and refers to the period between the Miocene and Quaternary periods, from about 5,333,000 years ago to 2,580,000 years ago. The strata formed during the Pliocene are called the Pliocene series. The deposits are mostly clastic, with few biological deposits such as coral. The Himalayan Alps were formed by intense uplift, resulting in a topography that is almost the same as today. The climate was cold, and this trend began in the middle Miocene and eventually led to the Quaternary Ice Age. The number of species of organisms that are common to the present increased, and about half of the fossil mollusks are extant species. Grasslands spread from the Miocene to the Pliocene, and land mammals in the Pliocene became larger than before. The horse Merychippus , which appeared in the Miocene, grew to the size of a modern pony, and evolved into Hipparion in the Pliocene. Hipparion came to inhabit a wide area of North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, but became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. The modern horse Equus is thought to have evolved from Plesippus , which appeared 3 million years ago, and spread its habitat from North America to the rest of the world. Also, about 4.4 million years ago, Australopithecus appeared in Africa, following the early human ape-man Ardipithecus (ramidus ape-man), and they began to stand on two legs and walk, expanding their range of life from forests to grasslands. The subsequent Quaternary Pleistocene laid the foundation for the evolution of humans into early man, archaic man, and modern man. [Toshiyuki Yamaguchi August 19, 2015] [References] | | | | |Cenozoic | Period| | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地質時代の時代区分の一つで、新生代の新第三紀を二分したときの後半の時期にあたり、新第三紀中新世と第四紀との間のおよそ533万3000年前から258万年前までの時代をいう。鮮新世に形成された地層を鮮新統という。堆積物はサンゴなど生物起源のものは少なく、多くは砕屑(さいせつ)物からなる。ヒマラヤ―アルプス山脈は激しい隆起によってほぼ現在と同じ地形が形成された。気候は寒冷で、中新世中期以降に始まるその傾向は最終的に第四紀の氷河時代に至る。現在と共通する生物の種はさらに増加し、化石軟体動物はそのおよそ過半数が現生種を占める。中新世から鮮新世にかけては草原が広がり、鮮新世の陸上哺乳(ほにゅう)類は以前よりも大形化した。中新世に現われた馬メリキップスMerychippusは現在のポニーほどの大きさになり、鮮新世にはヒッパリオンHipparionへと進化した。ヒッパリオンは、北アメリカ、ヨーロッパ、アジア、アフリカ大陸の広い地域で生息するようになったが、続く更新世末に絶滅した。現在の馬エクウスはその後300万年前に出現したプレシップスPlesippusから進化したと考えられ、北アメリカから世界中に生息地が広がった。また、およそ440万年前には、アフリカで、初期の人類である猿人アルディピテクスArdipithecus(ラミドゥス猿人)に続いてアウストラロピテクスが現れ、彼らは二本の足で立ち上がって歩き始め、森から草原へと生活範囲を広げた。続く第四紀更新世には、人類=原人・旧人・新人への進化の礎(いしずえ)が築かれた。 [山口寿之 2015年8月19日] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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