A Turkish dynasty (1038-1194). Led by the tribal leader Seljuk, who migrated from the north of the Caspian and Aral Seas to the mouth of the Syr Darya River at the end of the 10th century, his clan gathered Islamized Turks and gained power, and his son Ismail expanded his power by forming alliances with the Samanids, Kara-Khanids, and then the Ghaznavids. Seljuk's grandsons Tughril Beg and Chaghrī Bek (987-1060) entered Neyshabur without bloodshed in 1038, defeated the Ghaznavid army in the Battle of Dandān-Khan in 1040, and gained control of Khorasan. In 1055, Tughril entered Baghdad and was officially awarded the title of sultan by the Abbasid caliph for the first time in history, becoming officially recognized as the ruler of the eastern Islamic world. The next sultan, Alp Arslan, invaded Georgia and Syria, defeating the Byzantine army at Malazgirt in eastern Anatolia and taking the emperor prisoner in 1071. The third sultan, Malik Shah (reigned 1072-1092), was the heyday of the sultanate, and his territory extended from Syria and the Persian Gulf to Khwarezm and Fergana, and he also sent expeditionary forces to Yemen and Bahrain. The official language of the court was Persian, and the country produced many literary scholars, such as Umar Khayyam (Umar al-Khayami), and theologians, such as Ghazali. Persians were appointed to the civil service. Nizam al-Mulk, who founded the Nizamiya Academy, was a representative example, and his family served as prime ministers for generations. In the early days, the military was dominated by nomadic Turkmen, but eventually the slave soldiers, Ghulams (Mamluks), came to be valued, and they monopolized important positions such as commander-in-chief, regional governors, holders of Iqta, and Attar Beg, who was the caretaker of the young royal family. The country was divided among the royal family, but after the death of Malik Shah, internal conflicts among the family intensified, and the Turkmen, who were dissatisfied with the preferential treatment of the Ghulams, joined in this. Successive sultans had no active intention to advance westward, but the newly arrived Turkmen from Mawarannahr and the royal families who had failed in their rebellions moved to Anatolia in search of new lands, establishing the Rum Seljuk Empire and various princedoms. The dynasty was temporarily reunited during the reign of Sanjar (reigned 1117-1157), but the Ater Beg Empire gained independence in the west, the eastern province fell into chaos due to invasions by the Kara-Khitai and Ghuz peoples, and Sanjar himself was taken prisoner by the Ghuz, causing the sultan's authority to decline. After his death, local Seljuk governments remained in Iraq and Kirman, but the former was destroyed by the Khwarezmian Shahs and the latter by the Ghuz. [Kousuke Shimizu] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
トルコ系の王朝(1038~1194)。カスピ海、アラル海北方方面より、10世紀末にシルダリヤ河口へ移住した族長セルジュークに率いられた一族は、イスラム化したトルコ人を集めて勢力をなし、その子イスマーイールはサーマーン朝、カラ・ハン朝、ついでガズナ朝と同盟して力を伸ばした。セルジュークの孫トゥグリル・ベク、チャグリー・ベクChaghrī Bek(987―1060)らは、1038年にネイシャーブールに無血入城し、1040年にはダンダーンカーンの戦いでガズナ朝軍を破り、ホラサーンの支配権を得た。1055年、トゥグリルはバグダードに入り、アッバース朝カリフより、史上初めてスルタンの称号を公式に受け、東方イスラム世界の支配者として公認された。次のアルプ・アルスラーンはジョージア(グルジア)、シリアに遠征し、1071年には東アナトリアのマラズギルトでビザンティン軍を破り、皇帝を捕虜にした。第3代スルタンのマリク・シャー(在位1072~1092)時代が最盛期で、版図は、シリア、ペルシア湾からホラズム、フェルガナにまで達し、イエメンやバフラインにも遠征軍を派遣した。 宮廷公用語はペルシア語で、ウマル・ハイヤーム(ウマル・アル・ハイヤーミー)らの文学者、ガザーリーらの神学者が輩出した。官僚はペルシア人が登用された。ニザーミーヤ学院を創設したニザーム・アルムルクはその代表的な存在で、彼の一族が代々宰相となった。軍隊は、初期には遊牧のトゥルクメンが中心であったが、やがて奴隷兵のグラーム(マムルーク)が重んぜられるようになり、総司令官、地方総督、イクターの保有者、幼少の王族の養育係であるアター・ベクなどの要職を独占した。国土は王族の間で分割されていたが、マリク・シャーの没後、一族間の内紛が激化し、グラーム優遇に不満を抱くトゥルクメンもこれに荷担した。歴代のスルタンは、西方へ進出する積極的な意図はなかったが、新たにマーワラー・アンナフルより流入したトゥルクメンや、反乱に失敗した王族らが新天地を求めてアナトリアへ移動し、ルーム・セルジューク朝や諸侯国を建てた。サンジャル(在位1117~1157)時代に一時王朝の再統一がなされたが、西方ではアター・ベク朝が独立し、東部州はカラ・キタイ、グズ人の侵入によって混乱し、サンジャル自身もグズの捕虜となって、スルタンの権威は失墜した。彼の死後、イラクとキルマーンにセルジューク家による地方政権が残ったが、前者はホラズム・シャー朝に、後者はグズによって滅ぼされた。 [清水宏祐] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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