A form of class organization in university education. It is also called "seminar" for short, and in English "seminar." In Japan, it is called "enshuu." A small number of students engaged in research or advanced learning study in-depth on a specialized problem of mutual interest under the general guidance of one or more university faculty members. Students usually present original research reports on the specific topic, and all the students discuss it. In Japan, original text reading is also called "enshuu." At the graduate school level in the United States, it is also called "colloquium." The origin of the word "seminar" is the Latin word "sēminārium," which means a place for raising and cultivating animals and plants, but it has come to mean a seminary for training pastors in the Catholic Church in the 16th century, a teacher training institute founded in Germany by August Hermann Francke (1663-1727) in the early 18th century, and more broadly in the 19th century, a training institute for scientific research specialists. Seminars also came to refer to unique teaching and research structures and methods used by small groups at training institutes. In the United States, seminars were introduced in the late 19th century by students who returned from studying at German universities. In Japan, they were introduced to the Imperial University by a German teacher towards the end of the Meiji era. The university establishment standards stipulate that one unit of seminars is equal to a class time of between 15 and 30 hours, as determined by the university. [Tadashi Kaneko] "Issues in University Education Research: Criticism and Proposals for Reform Trends," edited by the Japan Society for General Education (1997, Tamagawa University Press) " "Creating University Classes: Ideas and Techniques," edited by the Japan Society for Economics Education (1998, Aoki Shoten) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大学教育におけるクラス編成の一形態。略してゼミともいい、英語ではセミナー。日本では演習とよぶ。研究ないしは高度な学習に従事する少人数の学生が、1人ないしは複数の大学教員の一般的な指導の下に、専門的な相互に関心のある問題について深く研究する授業で、学生がその特定のテーマについて独創的な研究報告をし、それに基づいて全員で討議をするのが一般的である。日本では、原書講読をも演習とよんでいる。アメリカの大学院レベルでは、コロキアムcolloquiumともよばれる。ゼミナールの語源は、ラテン語のsēmināriumで、苗床、育成場などの意味で、動植物の飼育栽培の場所を意味したが、それが転じて、16世紀に、カトリック教会の牧師養成の神学校、18世紀初頭、フランケAugust Hermann Francke(1663―1727)によってドイツに創設された教員養成所、さらに19世紀には、広く科学研究の専門家養成所の意となった。 また、ゼミナールは、養成所で行われる少人数による独得な教授研究組織や方法をもさすことばとなった。アメリカでは19世紀後半ドイツの大学への留学から帰国した学徒たちによってセミナーを導入した。日本では、明治末年ごろドイツ人教師によって帝国大学に導入された。大学設置基準では、演習は、15時間から30時間までの範囲で大学が定める時間の授業をもって1単位とすると規定されている。 [金子忠史] 『一般教育学会編『大学教育研究の課題――改革動向への批判と提言』(1997・玉川大学出版部)』▽『経済学教育学会編『大学の授業をつくる――発想と技法』(1998・青木書店)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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