Silent film

Japanese: サイレント映画 - さいれんとえいが
Silent film

A film without sound that is played in sync with the screen. It is also called a silent film. In the early days of film, some tried to synchronize records, but the technology was incomplete and not put to practical use, and since then, films have been fixed as being soundless. The silent film era lasted for more than 30 years until the appearance of talkies at the end of the 1920s. Although silent films were still in the cinema, they were accompanied by music, and in Japan and other countries, they had a narrator who provided dialogue and commentary, but the dialogue was subtitled and natural sounds were implied by what was projected on the screen. This, combined with the image effects of black-and-white photography, gave silent films a kind of fantastical element. In the early days of silent films, the public liked light-hearted comedies and action-packed action films, but eventually literary films were attempted in France, historical films in Italy, and the combination of natural scenery and human drama in Scandinavia developed into unique fields.

From around 1923, which is said to be the end of the silent era, excellent works with photographic image expression and sharp montage of scene changes were produced in various countries, and this marked the flourishing of film art in the so-called late silent era. In particular, there are many excellent works in German fantasy horror dramas, French poetic dramas, and Soviet revolutionary drama montage works. In the United States, comedies and action movies developed first, but after World War I, directors and stars from Europe were gathered and Hollywood movies became international. In Japan, many directors appeared during this period, honing their individual styles of expression, producing excellent works and raising the artistic standard. In France and Germany, influenced by art, so-called avant-garde films that boldly attempted surrealistic expressions were actively produced, trying to greatly expand the possibilities of film. Silent films honed the technique of expressing even sound through the screen, which became the force that produced excellent works. In terms of film theory, silent films also had a great impact in that they established unique theories such as the theory of photogeny and the theory of montage.

[Naoki Togawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

画面に同調再生される音を伴わぬ映画。無声映画ともいう。映画誕生の当初は一部でレコードの同調などもくふうされたが、技術的に不完全で実用化されず、以来映画は音を伴わぬものとして固定化した。1920年代終わりごろトーキーが登場するまで、30年余サイレント映画の時代が続いた。サイレント映画といっても、映画館では上映の際、伴奏音楽を演奏し、日本などでは台詞(せりふ)や解説をつける活弁(活動写真弁士)がついたが、台詞は字幕により、自然の音は画面に映るもので暗示的に表現した。それが黒白写真的な画像効果と相まって、一種幻想的要素をも帯びるのがサイレント映画の特色であった。サイレント初期はたわいない喜劇や動きの多い活劇が大衆に好まれたが、やがてフランスで文芸映画の試みがおこり、イタリアでは史劇映画、北欧では自然の風景と人間ドラマの結合などが独自の分野として発展した。

 サイレント末期といわれる1923年ごろからは写真美的な映像表現や鋭い画面交替のモンタージュによる優れた作品が各国に生まれ、いわゆるサイレント末期の映画芸術の爛熟(らんじゅく)期を築いた。とくにドイツの幻想怪奇劇、フランスの詩的ドラマ、ソ連の革命劇モンタージュ作品には秀作が多い。アメリカでも喜劇や活劇がまず発達したが、第一次世界大戦後はヨーロッパからも監督やスターを集めてハリウッド映画を国際的なものにした。日本でもこの時期に多くの監督が登場し、個性的な表現スタイルを磨いて優れた作品を生み、芸術的水準を高めた。またフランスやドイツでは、美術などの影響もあって、超現実的な表現を大胆に試みるいわゆる前衛映画が活発につくられ、映画の可能性を大きく開こうとした。サイレント映画は、画面によって音までも表現する技術を磨き、これが優れた作品を生む力となった。また映画理論のうえでも、フォトジェニー論やモンタージュ論など独自の理論を確立した点で、サイレント映画の収穫は大きい。

[登川直樹]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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