Generation - Sedai (English spelling)

Japanese: 世代 - せだい(英語表記)generation
Generation - Sedai (English spelling)

Common sense would dictate that this term be used when people in a certain age group are considered contemporaries. When it is common to use expressions such as father's generation or son's generation, it can be considered a general term for people living in the same era. However, in sociology, etc., it is often used in a more limited way. It can be defined as "a group of contemporaries who were born at roughly the same time, share historical experiences, and therefore have similar ways of looking at and feeling things, and similar patterns of behavior." Contemporaries who shared their sensitive adolescent years do indeed have common topics and a common sense of the times. The philosopher Dilthey emphasized that this common sense of contemporaries was the inner principle that drove cultural movements such as German Romanticism. Not only in his case, but in other cases as well, the concept of generation is effective in analyzing social change because it is a mediating concept that connects major historical changes with the life history experiences of individuals.

However, the age span of a generation in this sense naturally varies depending on the circumstances of the time. In these days when the generation gap is being talked about, many people probably feel that even 10 years is too long. If you say, "I can no longer talk to people five years younger than me," or "He is from the same generation," the age span of a generation is shortened to five years or less. Sociologist Mannheim calls the commonality of historical experience that has the potential for "generational unification" people in the same "generational situation," and estimates the time span to be 30 years, but this is not always the case. Even in recent years in Japan, we should think that many heterogeneous generational situations have been replaced in the last 30 years. Of course, no matter how many years are used, the idea that generations are the most natural division axis in historical science is valid. If you take the 30-year theory and make a tentative period division, it may be possible to highlight the gaps within the same generation. Why is there such a large gap between people who were born in roughly the same era and therefore supposedly had the same historical experiences? From this, the specificities of the areas in which they live, differences based on gender, and differences in social class belonging naturally emerge.

Along with the distinction between intragenerational and intergenerational gaps, the distinction between intragenerational and intergenerational mobility is also often made in the social sciences. A distinction is made between intragenerational mobility (especially class mobility) over the course of one person's lifetime, and intergenerational mobility, which spans two generations of parents and children. In Japan, most parents have long wished to give their children an education. They hoped for intergenerational mobility, even at the expense of their own intragenerational mobility. Japan's modernization was largely due to this form of openness.

[Hideaki Ohmura]

"Generations" by K. Mannheim, translated by Hiroshi Suzuki (1958, Seishin Shobo)""Character and Social Structure" by H.H. Garth and C.W. Mills, translated by Toshiaki Kojo and Sokichi Sugimori (1970, Aoki Shoten)"

[Reference] | Social mobility | Social change

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

常識的には、一定の年齢帯に属する人々をまとめて同時代者と考える場合にこのことばを使う。父の世代とか子の世代とかいった言い方をごく普通にする場合は、同じ時代に生活する人々の総称と考えてよい。しかし、社会学などではもうすこし限定して使用することが多い。「出生時期がほぼ同じで歴史的体験を共有し、ために類似したものの見方や感じ方、それによく似た行動様式を示す一群の同時代者」と定義できる。感受性の鋭い青少年期をともにした同時代者の間では、確かに共通の話題があり、共通した時代感覚をもっているのが普通である。哲学者ディルタイは、こういった同時代者の共通した感覚が、たとえばドイツ・ロマン主義のような文化運動を推進する内面的原理であったと強調している。彼の場合に限らず、世代の概念が、社会変動を分析する際有効に働くのは、それが大きな歴史的変動と個人の生活史的体験とをつなぐ媒介概念だからである。

 もっとも、この意味での1世代をどのくらいの年代幅でくくるかは、時代状況によって当然違ってくる。世代ギャップがうんぬんされる昨今、この時代幅はおそらく10年をもってしても長すぎるといった感じ方を多くの人がしているであろう。「5歳下の連中とはもう話があわない」とか、「彼は共通一次世代だ」などという場合、1世代としてくくられている年代幅は5年以下にまで短縮されている。社会学者のマンハイムは、「世代統一」の可能性をもった歴史的体験の共通性を、同じ「世代的状況」にある人々とよび、その時間幅を30年と見積もっているが、つねにそのようにいえるわけではない。近年の日本でみても、30年のうちにいくつもの異質な世代的状況が交替したと考えるべきである。もちろん、何年の幅をとろうと、世代をもってもっとも自然な歴史科学の区分軸だとする考え方は成り立つ。かりに30年説をとっていちおうの時代区分をしておいて、かえって同じ世代内部の断絶を浮かび上がらせるという手法もあるだろう。ほぼ同じ時代に生まれ、したがって同じ歴史的体験をもったと思われる人々の間に、かくも大きい断絶があるのはなにゆえか。ここから、生活地域の特異性、性による違い、所属階層の差異などが自然に浮かび上がってくる。

 世代内断絶・世代間断絶の区別とともに、世代内移動・世代間移動の区別も、社会科学ではよく使う。同一人物の生涯にわたっての社会移動(とくに階層移動)を世代内移動とよび、親子2代にわたっての社会的移動を世代間移動とよんで区別するのである。日本は昔から、たいていの親が子供には教育をつけてやりたいと願った。自分の世代内移動を犠牲にしても、世代間移動に期待したのである。日本の近代化はこの形での解放性によるところ大であった。

[大村英昭]

『K・マンハイム著、鈴木広訳『世代』(1958・誠信書房)』『H・H・ガース、C・W・ミルズ著、古城利明・杉森創吉訳『性格と社会構造』(1970・青木書店)』

[参照項目] | 社会的移動 | 社会変動

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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