Dysentery - Sekiri (English spelling)

Japanese: 赤痢 - せきり(英語表記)dysentery
Dysentery - Sekiri (English spelling)

The name of the disease comes from the fact that it causes red diarrhea mixed with blood, and it is an intestinal infection whose main symptoms are fever, frequent diarrhea mixed with mucus and blood, lower abdominal pain, and tenesmus. It is classified under the Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act (Infectious Diseases Act) as bacterial dysentery (Class 3 infectious disease) and amebic dysentery (Class 5 infectious disease) depending on the pathogen. However, amebic dysentery is common in tropical regions and rare in Japan, so when people simply say dysentery, they usually mean bacterial dysentery.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Shigellosis

The pathogen is Shigella, which is excreted in the feces of patients and carriers, and can then stick to the hands or be transmitted by flies or cockroaches into food, drink, or water, causing oral infection. If the person's stomach or intestines happen to be weak at this time, they will develop the disease after an incubation period of 2 to 7 days. This is why it is relatively common in the summer. In recent years, more and more schools and companies have started providing school lunches, and outbreaks can occur in large numbers.

Diseases that require differentiation include infectious enteritis such as Salmonella enteritis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Escherichia coli enteritis. Since all of these conditions present with bloody stools, pathogen culture tests must be performed to confirm the presence of Shigella.

Symptoms include a sudden fever of 38-39°C, and the onset of diarrhea along with pain in the lower abdomen. Nausea or vomiting may occur several times in the early stages of the disease. In mild cases, diarrhea occurs only a few times a day, but in severe cases, it can occur more than 30 times. The characteristic of diarrhea caused by dysentery is that at first, the stool is yellowish brown and watery, but soon becomes mixed with mucus and blood, and then only a small amount of mucus, blood, and pus is excreted, and often there is no fecal matter at all. In addition, when defecating, the so-called "stomach tense" is seen, and although there is a strong urge to defecate, only a small amount is excreted when going to the toilet, and there is no sense of completion of defecation, and the patient is troubled by the feeling that he or she will have to go to the toilet again soon. The abdominal pain gradually becomes localized to the left lower abdomen, and pressing on that area causes severe pain. The severity of the symptoms is related to the person's body's resistance and the toxicity of the infected dysentery bacteria. The toxicity of the bacteria varies considerably depending on the type of bacteria. In recent years, around 80% of dysentery cases are caused by infection with the least virulent strain of the Sonnei group, and many people recover without realizing they have dysentery, only suffering from mild diarrhea, or become temporarily carriers without developing any symptoms. In the case of an outbreak, there are many such mildly ill patients and carriers around a small number of typical patients.

Chemotherapy is the main treatment. Drugs currently in use include kanamycin, paromomycin, aminobenzylpenicillin, colistin, and nalidixic acid. Resistant bacteria have also appeared against these antibiotics, so it is reasonable to determine which drug to use by conducting drug sensitivity tests on Shigella isolated from each patient. If drugs are used without waiting for the test results, kanamycin or nalidixic acid can be administered alone or in combination. In addition, abdominal pain and tenesmus can be alleviated by applying heat to the lower left abdomen. As for food, a liquid diet is required while diarrhea is severe. If the mouth becomes dry due to diarrhea, it is acceptable to drink small amounts of water as many times as necessary.

Although deaths from the disease have almost never occurred, even among children and the elderly, symptoms that temporarily improved with drug therapy may recur, and Shigella is frequently detected again in the feces, so hospitalization for at least two or three weeks is required. In addition, because the patient does not develop general immunity, the patient can contract the disease multiple times if there is an opportunity for infection.

As a preventative measure, patients are admitted to a designated medical institution for infectious diseases for treatment, and the areas where the patient has been, toilets, and clothing and items used are disinfected. Because dysentery has a high family infection rate, family members and people who have shared meals with the patient should undergo stool tests at a public health center in an effort to find mildly ill patients and carriers who are unaware of the symptoms. If bacteria are found, it is important to receive correct treatment; excessive use of antibiotics and incomplete treatment can lead to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria as carriers.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Shigella

It was discovered by Shiga Kiyoshi in 1898 (Meiji 31) and was called Shiga bacteria. It is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium with rounded ends, 2 to 4 micrometers long and 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers wide, lacks flagella and is non-motile. It does not produce spores. Morphologically it is difficult to distinguish from E. coli, but biologically it is distinguished by its inability to break down lactose, and its ability to break down glucose but produce only acid and no gas. Different strains of Shigella continued to be discovered after the discovery of Shiga bacteria, and there are many types and various classification methods, but the international classification system divides them into four groups immunoserologically based on differences in antigen structure, and further divides them into more than 30 bacterial types. Namely, there are four groups: Shigella dysenteriae (subdivided into 10 types, Shiga is type 1), Shigella flexneri (8 types), Shigella boydii (15 types), and Shigella sonnei, of which the Shigella dysenteriae group is the most pathogenic and virulent, followed by the flexneri group, and the sonnei group is the least virulent and often causes mild symptoms.When searching for Shigella in stool, special media such as SS medium and BTB medium are used.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Amebic dysentery

It is a type of dysentery caused by infection with Entamoeba histolytica, and is one of the most common forms of intestinal infection (amebiasis) caused by Entamoeba histolytica.

The onset of the disease is gradual, with no fever or headache. The main symptom is diarrhea several times a day, ranging from muddy to pus-mucus and bloody. Other symptoms such as abdominal pain and tenesmus are also relatively mild. The disease progresses chronically, and even if a patient appears cured, there is a tendency for the condition to recur repeatedly due to overeating or changes in weather. Patients with this condition are also called healthy cyst expellers, and may not feel ill at all except for the occasional soft or watery stool. In recent years, this condition has been attracting attention as an imported tropical disease. Metronidazole is the drug of first choice for treatment. Emetine is no longer used much due to its side effects on the heart.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

dysentery

This is a special type of disease seen mainly in children aged 2 to 6 years old who are infected with Shigella, and is also called fulminant dysentery. When children are infected with Shigella, they may show the same dysentery symptoms as adults, such as fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and mucus and blood in the stool, but sometimes, before the onset of dysentery symptoms, they may show blood circulation disorders such as paleness of the face and a weak pulse, or nervous system disorders such as convulsions, lethargy, and confusion, and at first glance, they may appear to be a different disease from dysentery. In this case, it is specifically called 'epidemic dysentery.' In 1950 (Showa 25), it was feared, causing approximately 9,000 deaths, but in recent years, as the number of dysentery patients has decreased and the symptoms have become milder, epidemic dysentery has decreased dramatically and is almost never seen.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

[Reference] | Amebiasis | Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act | Amoeba dysentery

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

血液を混じた赤い下痢をおこす病気というのが病名の由来で、発熱、粘血便を混じた頻回の下痢、下腹部痛、しぶり腹を主症状とした腸管感染症をいう。感染症予防・医療法(感染症法)により分類されている感染症で、病原体によって細菌性赤痢(3類感染症)とアメーバ赤痢(5類感染症)に分けられる。しかし、アメーバ赤痢は熱帯地方に多くみられ、日本ではまれなため、単に赤痢といえば普通、細菌性赤痢をさす。

[柳下徳雄]

細菌性赤痢

病原体は赤痢菌で、患者や保菌者の糞便(ふんべん)中に排出され、これが手指に付着したり、ハエやゴキブリなどに媒介されて飲食物や水に混入し、経口感染する。このとき、たまたま胃腸が弱っていると、2~7日の潜伏期を経て発病する。夏季に比較的多いのは、このためである。近年は学校や会社などで給食するところが多くなり、集団発生をみることがある。

 鑑別を要する疾患にはサルモネラ腸炎、腸炎ビブリオ症、大腸菌性腸炎などの感染性腸炎があり、いずれも血便がみられるので、病原菌の培養検査を行い、赤痢菌を確認する。

 症状は、急に38~39℃の発熱があり、下腹部の痛みとともに下痢が始まる。病初期には悪心(おしん)あるいは嘔吐(おうと)が数回みられることもある。下痢は軽症ならば1日数回程度であるが、重症では30回以上に及ぶこともある。赤痢の下痢の特徴は、最初黄褐色の水のような下痢便が、まもなく粘液や血液を混じ、さらに粘液、血液、膿(のう)の混じたものを少量排出するだけとなり、糞便の部分が全然なくなることも多い。また排便時には、いわゆる「しぶり腹」がみられ、便意はしきりにあるが便所へ行っても出しぶり、少量しか排出されず、排便終了感がなく、すぐまた便所に行きたくなる感じに悩まされる。腹痛はしだいに左下腹部に限局し、その部分を圧迫すると強く痛む。なお、症状の軽重はその人の体の抵抗力と感染した赤痢菌の毒力に関係する。菌の毒力は、菌型によってかなり異なる。近年の赤痢は毒力のもっとも弱いソンネ菌群の感染によるものが80%前後を占め、軽い下痢だけで赤痢と気づかないまま治癒したり、一時的に保菌状態になるだけで発病しなかったりすることも多い。集団発生の場合、定型的な少数の患者の周囲に、このような軽症患者や保菌者が多くみられる。

 治療は化学療法が中心となる。現在使われている薬剤には、カナマイシン、パロモマイシン、アミノベンジルペニシリン、コリスチン、ナリジクス酸などがある。これらの抗生物質にも耐性菌が出現しており、個々の患者から分離した赤痢菌について薬剤の感受性試験を行い、使用薬剤を決めるのが合理的である。試験結果を待たずに使用する場合には、カナマイシンまたはナリジクス酸の単独投与、あるいは併用投与などが行われる。また、腹痛、しぶり腹に対しては左下腹部を温めると軽減する。食事は、下痢の激しいうちは流動食をとる。下痢のために口が渇けば、少量ずつ何回でも水を飲んでよい。

 小児や高齢者でも死亡することはほとんどなくなったが、薬物療法によって一時よくなった症状が再発したり、赤痢菌が糞便中にふたたび検出される頻度が高いので、少なくとも2、3週間の入院治療が必要である。また、一般的な免疫はできないので、感染機会があれば何回でもかかるわけである。

 予防としては、患者を感染症指定医療機関に入院させて治療するとともに、患者のいた所、便所、使用した衣類や物品などを消毒する。赤痢は家族感染率が高いので、家族や飲食をともにした人は保健所で検便を受け、症状を自覚しない軽症患者や保菌者の発見に努める。菌が発見された場合には正しい治療を受けることがたいせつで、やたらに抗生物質を使用して不完全な治療をすると、保菌者となって薬剤耐性菌をばらまくおそれがある。

[柳下徳雄]

赤痢菌

1898年(明治31)に志賀潔(きよし)によって発見され、志賀菌とよばれた。両端が丸く、長さ2~4マイクロメートル、幅0.4~0.7マイクロメートルのグラム陰性の桿(かん)菌で、鞭毛(べんもう)がなく非運動性である。胞子はつくらない。形態学的には大腸菌と区別しにくいが、生物学的には乳糖を分解する能力がなく、ブドウ糖は分解するが酸だけ生じてガスを産生しないことによって区別される。なお、赤痢菌は、志賀菌発見後にも異なる菌の発見が続き、種類が多くいろいろな分類法があるが、国際分類法では抗原構造の差によって免疫血清学的に4群に大別し、30余の菌型に細分されている。すなわち、ジゼンテリ菌群Shigella dysenteriae(10菌型に細分され、志賀菌は1型)、フレキシネル菌群Shigella flexneri(8菌型)、ボイド菌群Shigella boydii(15菌型)、ソンネ菌群Shigella sonneiの4群で、そのうちジゼンテリ菌群は病原性や毒力がもっとも強く、フレキシネル菌群がこれに次ぎ、ソンネ菌群の毒力はもっとも弱く、症状も軽いことが多い。また、糞便から赤痢菌を検索するときは、SS培地やBTB培地などの特殊培地が用いられる。

[柳下徳雄]

アメーバ赤痢

赤痢アメーバEntamoeba histolyticaの感染によっておこる赤痢の一種であり、赤痢アメーバによる腸管感染症(アメーバ症)の代表的病態の一つでもある。

 発病は緩やかで、発熱や頭痛などはなく、泥状より膿粘血便にわたる1日数回の下痢を主症状とし、腹痛、しぶり腹などの症状も比較的軽い。慢性に経過し、治癒したようにみえても、過食や気候の変化などによって再発を繰り返す傾向がある。また、健康胞嚢(ほうのう)排出者といい、軟便または水様便をときどき排出する以外は病感がまったくないこともある。近年は輸入熱帯病として注目されつつある。治療には、メトロニダゾールを第一選択薬剤として用いる。エメチンは心臓に対する副作用があるため、あまり用いられなくなった。

[柳下徳雄]

疫痢

おもに2~6歳の幼児が赤痢菌に感染したときにみられる特殊な病型をいい、劇症赤痢ともよばれる。小児が赤痢菌に感染した場合には、発熱、腹痛、下痢、粘血便など成人と同様な赤痢症状を現す場合もあるが、ときには赤痢症状の発現に先だって顔面蒼白(そうはく)や脈拍微弱などの血液循環障害、ひきつけ、嗜眠(しみん)、意識混濁などの神経系障害が現れ、一見、赤痢とは異なる病気のような観を呈することがある。このような場合を、とくに疫痢とよんでいる。1950年(昭和25)には約9000人という死亡者を出して恐れられたが、近年は赤痢患者の減少と軽症化に伴い、疫痢は激減してほとんどみられなくなっている。

[柳下徳雄]

[参照項目] | アメーバ症 | 感染症予防・医療法 | 赤痢アメーバ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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