This refers to industrial chemistry that uses petroleum or natural gas as starting materials and aims to synthesize chemical products other than petroleum products such as fuel oil. It is particularly a central field of modern organic industrial chemistry, and developed after World War II to replace the old coal chemistry. The most important basic raw materials for petrochemistry are lower olefins such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and butadiene obtained by thermal cracking and catalytic reforming of petroleum fractions such as naphtha, and aromatics such as benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). Other raw materials used in the petrochemical industry include synthetic gas (hydrogen, carbon monoxide) obtained by steam transformation of natural gas and petroleum fractions, propylene and butylene produced as by-products in the production of catalytic cracked gasoline, and ethylene obtained by thermal cracking of ethane. The petrochemical industry, one of the key industries of the modern era, is a chemical industry that applies petrochemical reactions, and its products are petrochemicals. The final products are diverse, including polymer chemical products such as plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber, as well as synthetic detergents (surfactants), organic solvents, dyes, pesticides, and medicines, but the core of petrochemistry is the research and development of efficient and economical processes for synthesizing the monomers and intermediates required for the manufacture of these petrochemical products, and it is closely related to catalytic chemistry, organic synthetic chemistry, and polymer chemistry. Since petrochemistry has a strong industrial background, it is often treated as synonymous with the petrochemical industry. [Hara Nobuyoshi] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
石油または天然ガスを出発原料とし、燃料油など本来の石油製品を除く化学製品の合成を目的とする工業化学をいう。とくに現代有機工業化学の中心をなす分野で、第二次世界大戦後、旧来の石炭化学にかわって発展した。石油化学のもっとも主要な基礎原料としては、ナフサなど石油留分の熱分解、接触改質などで得られるエチレン・プロピレン・ブチレン・ブタジエンなどの低級オレフィン類、ベンゼン・トルエン・キシレン(BTX)などの芳香族類で、このほか天然ガスや石油留分の水蒸気変成による合成ガス(水素、一酸化炭素)、接触分解ガソリン製造時に副生するプロピレン・ブチレンや、エタンの熱分解で得られるエチレンなども石油化学工業の原料として使用される。 石油化学反応を応用した化学工業が現代基幹産業の一つである石油化学工業で、その製品が石油化学製品(ペトロケミカルスpetrochemicals)である。その目標とする最終製品は、プラスチック、合成繊維、合成ゴムなどの高分子化学製品をはじめ、合成洗剤(界面活性剤)、有機溶剤、染料、農薬、医薬など多岐にわたるが、石油化学の中心は、むしろこれら石油化学製品の製造に必要な単量体、中間体を能率的、経済的に合成するプロセスの研究開発にあり、触媒化学、有機合成化学、高分子化学との関連が深い。 なお石油化学は工業的背景が強いため、石油化学工業と同義に扱われることも多い。 [原 伸宜] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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