When the wavelength of electromagnetic waves or other waves becomes longer due to some cause. When the wavelength of visible light is extended, it becomes redder, so it is called redshift, but for waves of other wavelengths, there is no direct relationship to red. The causes of redshift include the Doppler effect, a strong gravitational field, and the expansion of the universe, and are called Doppler redshift, gravitational redshift, and cosmological redshift, respectively. Doppler redshift occurs when the source of the waves is moving away from the observer, or when the observer moves away from the source of the waves. Conversely, when the source of the waves moves closer, the wavelength becomes shorter and a blueshift occurs. The Doppler effect is the reason why the sound of an approaching car siren sounds higher and when it moves away it sounds lower. In the case of electromagnetic waves, the Doppler effect appears as a special relativistic effect. In a strong gravitational field, such as on the surface of a neutron star, there is a general relativistic effect that time slows down. Because of this, the vibrations of a wave source in a strong gravitational field appear to vibrate slowly from the outside, and the wavelength is stretched. This is the gravitational redshift. In an expanding universe, space stretches, and so the wavelengths of waves traveling through space also stretch. This causes the cosmological redshift, which is why the spectral lines of light from distant galaxies shift to longer wavelengths. [Takuya Matsuda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電磁波などの波の波長が、なんらかの原因で長くなること。可視光の波長が延びると赤くなるので赤方偏移とよんでいるが、それ以外の波長の波では、赤色とは直接の関係はない。赤方偏移の原因としては、ドップラー効果、強い重力場、宇宙膨張があり、それぞれドップラー赤方偏移、重力赤方偏移、宇宙論的赤方偏移とよんでいる。 ドップラー赤方偏移は、波を出す波源が、観測者から遠ざかる方向に運動していたり、観測者が波源から遠ざかると生ずる。反対に波源が近づくと波長が短くなり青方偏移が生ずる。近づいてくる車のサイレン音が高く聞こえ、遠ざかる場合は低く聞こえるのはドップラー効果のためである。電磁波の場合、ドップラー効果は特殊相対論的効果として現れる。 強い重力場中、たとえば中性子星の表面においては、時間の進み方が遅れるという一般相対論的効果がある。このため、強い重力場中の波源の振動は、外からみるとゆっくり振動してみえるので、波長が延びる。これが重力赤方偏移である。 膨張宇宙では空間が延びる。そのため、空間中を伝わる波の波長も延びる。これが宇宙論的赤方偏移の原因である。遠方の銀河が発する光のスペクトル線が波長の長いほうにずれるのは、このためである。 [松田卓也] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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