Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin

Japanese: チャップリン - ちゃっぷりん(英語表記)Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin
Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin

British film director and actor. Born on April 16th in London to parents who were vaudeville singers. His mother was married for the third time to his stepbrother Sidney, who was four years older than him, but his father died when Chaplin was five years old. The shock of his husband's death caused his mother to lose her voice and leave the stage, and Sidney became a ship's boy. Living with his mother, Chaplin danced in the streets and received tips, but his mother became mentally unstable due to poverty. Eventually, his brother returned home, and the brothers were hired in traveling plays, performing as cats and dogs on stage. At the age of 17, he joined the pantomime troupe Fred Cano, and entered the film industry after being recognized by director Mack Sennett of Keystone Pictures during two tours of the US in 1910 and 1912. In 1914, after his first film, The Race to Become, he invented the style of "short moustache, slacks, baggy trousers, bowler hat and cane" while filming "Venice Motor Show". That year, he appeared in 35 films for Keystone, but from the 12th film, he also wrote and directed. The following year, 1915, he released 17 films for Essanay, and from 1916 to 1917, he released 12 films for Mutual. He began to add pathos and social satire to his comedy, and his representative works include "The Clerk", "The Brave" and "The Immigrant". In 1918, he moved to First National, and released "A Dog's Life", "A Gun for a Life", "Sunnyside", "A Day's Journey", "The Kid", "The Loafers", "Payday" and "The Clerk", which combined comedy and tragedy, enhancing the flavor of Chaplin's films.

In 1919, he founded United Artists with director D.W. Griffith, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks. His first film, A Woman from Paris (1923), was a tragic love drama directed solely by himself for his long-time co-star Edna Purviance, and was acclaimed as a masterpiece in film history. He followed it with The Gold Rush (1925), The Circus (1928), City Lights (1931), and Modern Times (1936). He hated talkies and stuck to silent films. He was the first to add a voice to the sound version of Modern Times, but he sang in improvised words that were not accepted by the world. He continued to portray the love of the poor and common people, and gradually denounced the alienation of people in advanced capitalist society and intensified his criticism of modern civilization. Then, in 1940, when Hitler was gaining power, he released "The Great Dictator," a film that denounced fascism, and he made a full-length talkie in which he played the dual role of a dictator and a Jewish barber. When he made his next film, "The Great Dictator" (1947), which criticized the imperialist war, American conservatives considered him a communist, and when Chaplin went to England for the London premiere of "Limelight" (1952), he was refused entry by the American government. The reasons given were the contents of "The Great Dictator" and "The Great Dictator," the fact that he was still a British citizen, and his underage marriage history (first to Mildred Harris at the age of 17, then to Lita Grey at the age of 16, and then to Paulette Goddard, who co-starred with him in "Modern Times," and then to Ona O'Neill at the age of 54, for the fourth time, with whom he had three sons and five daughters). However, he was enthusiastically welcomed in London, and later received a knighthood from the Queen in 1975. He continued making films in Britain after that, making two others: The King of New York (1957) and The Countess (1966), the only color film in which he directed but did not star in any film, but he no longer had the vitality of his former self.

Chaplin received a special award for The Circus at the first Academy Awards (1927-1928), but he did not attend the ceremony and has not received an Oscar since then. However, 20 years after he left America, in 1972, the American Film Academy invited Chaplin to Hollywood to present him with a special Academy Award in recognition of his many years of achievement. In response, the 83-year-old Chaplin appeared at the ceremony and responded to the enthusiastic applause of all the attendees. He also received many other honors from around the world, including the French Legion of Honor, and spent the rest of his life surrounded by his wife, many children and grandchildren in his 15-room mansion in Bebe on the shores of Lake Geneva in Switzerland. During that time, he worked hard on composing his own music for his older silent films, and passed away on December 25, 1977 at the age of 88.

[Nagaharu Yodogawa]

Documents List of Director's Works

Making a Living (1914)
Kid Auto Races at Venice (1914)
Between Showers (1914)
Twenty Minutes of Love (1914)
Caught in a Cabaret (1914)
The Knockout (1914)
Mabel's Married Life (1914)
Laughing Gas (1914)
The Property Man (1914)
The Masquerader (1914)
Both spouses The Rounders (1914)
Chaplin's Dough and Dynamite (1914)
Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914)
Those Love Pangs (1914)
His Trysting Place (1914)
Chaplin's actor His New Job (1915)
A Night Out (1915)
Chaplin's actor His New Job (1915)
Chaplin's The Champion (1915)
A Jitney Elopement (1915)
The Tramp (1915)
By the Sea (1915)
Chaplin's Work (1915)
Chaplin's A Woman (1915)
Chaplin's Cleaner The Bank (1915)
Chaplin's Shanghaied (1915)
A Night in the Show (1915)
Chaplin's Carmen Burlesque on Carmen (1915)
Chaplin's The Police (1916)
Chaplin's double The Floorwalker (1916)
The Fireman (1916)
The Vagabond (1916)
One AM (1916)
Chaplin's The Count (1916)
The Pawnshop (1916)
Behind the Screen (1916)
Chaplin Skating The Rink (1916)
Chaplin's Brave Easy Street (1917)
The Cure (1917)
The Immigrant (1917)
The Adventurer (1917)
A Dog's Life (1918)
The Bond (1918)
Shoulder Arms (1918)
Sunnyside (1919)
A Day's Pleasure (1919)
The Kid (1921)
The Idle Class (1921)
Pay Day (1922)
The Pilgrim (1923)
A Woman of Paris (1923)
The Gold Rush (1925)
The Circus (1928)
City Lights (1931)
Modern Times (1936)
The Great Dictator (1940)
Chaplin's Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
Limelight (1952)
A King in New York (1957)
A Countess from Hong Kong (1966)

"The Autobiography of Chaplin, translated by Nakano Yoshio (1966, Shinchosha)""World Filmmakers 19: Charles Chaplin" (1973, Kinema Junposha)"The Work of Chaplin, by Eto Fumio (1989, Misuzu Shobo)""World Biographies 26: Chaplin" (1995, Gyosei)

[References] | The Gold Rush | Griffith | Sennett | The Great Dictator | Pantomime | Pickford | Fairbanks | City Lights | Modern Times | United Artists

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリス国籍の映画監督、俳優。4月16日、寄席(よせ)芸人歌手の両親のもとにロンドンに生まれる。母は4歳年上の義兄シドニーを抱いての三度目の結婚であったが、チャップリンが5歳のときに父が死亡、夫の死のショックで母は声を失って舞台を去り、シドニーは船のボーイとなる。母と2人暮らしのチャップリンは路上で踊り、投げ銭をもらうが、母は貧苦のあまり精神に異常をきたした。やがて兄は家に戻り、兄弟でドサ回り芝居に雇われ、犬猫の演技を舞台で演じた。17歳でパントマイム一座のフレッド・カーノ劇団に参加、1910年と1912年の2回の渡米巡演でキーストン映画社のマック・セネット監督に認められ映画界に入った。1914年、第一作『成功争ひ』のあと『ベニス海岸の自動車競争』撮影のとき、「ちょびひげ、どた靴、だぶだぶズボン、山高帽にステッキ」のスタイルを考案した。この年キーストンで35本の作品に出演したが、その12本目から脚本と監督も兼ねる。ついで翌1915年にはエッサネイ社で17本、1916~1917年ミューチュアル社で12本の作品を発表。喜劇にペーソスと社会風刺を加えるようになり、『番頭』『勇敢』『移民』はその代表作。1918年にファースト・ナショナル社に移り、『犬の生活』『担(にな)え銃(つつ)』『サニーサイド』『一日の行楽』『キッド』『のらくら』『給料日』『偽(にせ)牧師』を発表、喜劇と悲劇を同居させ、チャップリン映画の香りを高める。

 1919年にD・W・グリフィス監督、メリー・ピックフォード、ダグラス・フェアバンクスとの4人でユナイテッド・アーティスツ社を創設。その第一作『巴里(パリ)の女性』(1923)は、長らく共演者であったエドナ・パービアンスのため自分は監督のみの悲恋運命ドラマを製作、映画史上の名作と絶賛を受けた。ついで『黄金狂時代』(1925)、『サーカス』(1928)、『街の灯(ひ)』(1931)、『モダン・タイムス』(1936)と、トーキー嫌いの彼はサイレントに固執し、サウンド版の『モダン・タイムス』に初めて「声」を入れたが、世界に通ぜぬ即興「ことば」で歌った。そして貧しい庶民の愛を描き続けた彼は、しだいに高度資本主義社会の人間疎外を告発し、現代文明への批判を強めていった。そしてヒトラーが勢力を伸ばしつつあった1940年にファシズムを弾劾する『チャップリンの独裁者』を発表、独裁者とユダヤ人理髪師の二役の完全トーキーに踏み込んだ。次の、帝国主義戦争を批判した『殺人狂時代』(1947)を製作するに至り、アメリカ保守派が彼を共産主義者とみなし、『ライムライト』(1952)のロンドン封切りにイギリスへ行ったチャップリンは、アメリカ政府に帰国を拒否された。理由は、『独裁者』『殺人狂時代』の内容と、いまだにイギリス国籍のこと、また未成年者を含むその結婚歴(最初が17歳のミルドレッド・ハリスで、次が16歳のリタ・グレイ、そして『モダン・タイムス』で共演したポーレット・ゴダードを経て、54歳で18歳のオナ・オニールと四度目の結婚をし、3男5女をもうけた)もその理由となった。しかしロンドンでは熱狂的歓迎を受け、のち1975年には女王からナイトの称号を受けた。その後はイギリスで製作を続け、『ニューヨークの王様』(1957)と唯一のカラー映画で監督のみで主演しない『伯爵夫人』(1966)の2作があるが、もはや往年の生彩はなかった。

 チャップリンには第1回のアカデミー賞(1927~1928)で『サーカス』に対して特別賞が贈られているが、そのとき彼は授賞式に出席せず、以来オスカーとは縁がなかった。しかし彼がアメリカを去って20年後の1972年、アメリカ映画アカデミーは、チャップリンの多年の功労に対し改めてアカデミー特別賞を贈るため彼をハリウッドに招いた。これに応じて83歳のチャップリンは式場に姿をみせ、出席者全員の熱狂的拍手にこたえた。そのほかフランスのレジオン・ドヌール勲章をはじめ世界各国からの多くの栄誉を受け、15の部屋をもつスイス、ジュネーブ湖畔のベベーの邸宅で妻や多くの子供と孫に取り囲まれて余生を送った。その間、旧作の自作サイレント映画に自ら伴奏音楽をつける仕事に励み、1977年12月25日に88歳の生涯を閉じた。

[淀川長治]

資料 監督作品一覧

成功争ひ Making a Living(1914)
ベニス海岸の自動車競走 Kid Auto Races at Venice(1914)
夕立 Between Showers(1914)
恋の二十分 Twenty Minutes of Love(1914)
キャバレー御難の巻 Caught in a Cabaret(1914)
ノックアウト The Knockout(1914)
メーベルの結婚生活 Mabel's Married Life(1914)
笑ひのガス Laughing Gas(1914)
小道具係 The Property Man(1914)
男か女か(仮面者) The Masquerader(1914)
両夫婦 The Rounders(1914)
チャップリンのパン屋 Dough and Dynamite(1914)
醜女の深情 Tillie's Punctured Romance(1914)
髭のあと Those Love Pangs(1914)
逢引きの場所 His Trysting Place(1914)
チャップリンの役者 His New Job(1915)
アルコール夜通し転宅 A Night Out(1915)
チャップリンの役者 His New Job(1915)
チャップリンの拳闘 The Champion(1915)
チャップリンの駆落 A Jitney Elopement(1915)
チャップリンの失恋 The Tramp(1915)
アルコール先生海水浴の巻 By the Sea(1915)
チャップリンのお仕事 Work(1915)
チャップリンの女装 A Woman(1915)
チャップリンの掃除夫 The Bank(1915)
チャップリンの船乗り生活 Shanghaied(1915)
チャップリンの寄席見物 A Night in the Show(1915)
チャップリンのカルメン Burlesque on Carmen(1915)
チャップリンの悔悟 The Police(1916)
チャップリンの替玉 The Floorwalker(1916)
チャップリンの消防士 The Fireman(1916)
チャップリンの放浪者 The Vagabond(1916)
午前一時 One A.M.(1916)
チャップリンの伯爵 The Count(1916)
チャップリンの番頭 The Pawnshop(1916)
チャップリンの舞台裏 Behind the Screen(1916)
チャップリンのスケート The Rink(1916)
チャップリンの勇敢 Easy Street(1917)
チャップリンの霊泉 The Cure(1917)
チャップリンの移民 The Immigrant(1917)
チャップリンの冒険 The Adventurer(1917)
犬の生活 A Dog's Life(1918)
公債 The Bond(1918)
担え銃 Shoulder Arms(1918)
サニーサイド Sunnyside(1919)
一日の行楽 A Day's Pleasure(1919)
キッド The Kid(1921)
のらくら The Idle Class(1921)
給料日 Pay Day(1922)
偽牧師 The Pilgrim(1923)
巴里の女性 A Woman of Paris(1923)
黄金狂時代 The Gold Rush(1925)
サーカス The Circus(1928)
街の灯 City Lights(1931)
モダン・タイムス Modern Times(1936)
チャップリンの独裁者 The Great Dictator(1940)
チャップリンの殺人狂時代 Monsieur Verdoux(1947)
ライムライト Limelight(1952)
チャップリンのニューヨークの王様 A King in New York(1957)
伯爵夫人 A Countess from Hong Kong(1966)

『中野好夫訳『チャップリン自伝』(1966・新潮社)』『『世界の映画作家19 チャールズ・チャップリン』(1973・キネマ旬報社)』『江藤文夫著『チャップリンの仕事』(1989・みすず書房)』『『世界の伝記26 チャップリン』(1995・ぎょうせい)』

[参照項目] | 黄金狂時代 | グリフィス | セネット | チャップリンの独裁者 | パントマイム | ピックフォード | フェアバンクス | 街の灯 | モダン・タイムス | ユナイテッド・アーティスツ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Chaplin's Murderous Era

>>:  Chapman, George

Recommend

Oguzname - Oguzname

…A legend, tale, or heroic epic poem passed down ...

Bonasa bonasia (English spelling) Bonasabonasia

...On foggy days, they often emerge from the pumi...

Khmel'nitskii, Bogdan Mikhailovich

[Born] circa 1595. Chigirin? [Died] August 16, 165...

Vladimir Nikolaevich Kokovtsov

1853‐1943 Russian politician. Born into a noble fa...

Space Egg - Uchuran

…In other words, the larger the eggs that are lai...

Legislation - Rippou

The act of enacting laws by public (mainly nation...

Bezymenskii, AI (English spelling)

...First, the Proletkrit was the parent organizat...

Takanosu [Hot Spring] - Takanosu

This hot spring is located in Sekikawa Village, Iw...

Chanting - Shodo

The act of preaching Buddhist doctrine and leading...

Elaphe obsoleta (English spelling)

… [Takahiro Matsui]. … *Some of the terminology e...

Aral Sea - Аральское Море/Aral'skoe More Russian

A salt lake in Central Asia, straddling the Repub...

Acute gastric dilation

Concept: A condition in which there is a sudden de...

Ahmet Agaoglu (English spelling)

… The origin of Turkology studies by Turks can be...

Skiringssal

A trading post in Norway during the Viking era. Th...

Flamboyant style

A style of tracery seen in late Gothic France and ...