An instrumental piece of music performed as an introduction to an opera, oratorio, ballet, suite, etc. The oldest type is the "canzona overture," which was standardized in the 17th century Venetian opera and has a two-part structure of slow (2 beats) - fast (3 beats). It was further developed into J. Lully's "French overture," which was used not only in operas but also in suites. A. Scarlatti then created the three-part structure of fast - slow - fast with his "Italian overture," which became the basis for the classical symphony. In the classical period, overtures adopted sonata form. Opera overtures began to play a role in suggesting the content of the play. In the 19th century, independent concert overtures were often composed, giving rise to masterpieces such as F. Mendelssohn's "Fingal's Cave" and J. Brahms' "Academic Festival Overture." As the Romantic period progressed, in Richard Wagner's music dramas the prelude was called a prelude, and it moved away from sonata form to a freer form that leads immediately into the first scene of the drama. Overture |
オペラ,オラトリオ,バレエ,組曲などの初めに導入として演奏される器楽曲。最も古いタイプは「カンツォーナ風序曲」で,17世紀ベネチア・オペラで定型化され,緩 (2拍子系) -急 (3拍子系) の2部分構造をもつ。さらに発展して J.リュリの「フランス風序曲」が生れ,オペラだけではなく組曲にも愛用された。続いて A.スカルラッティが「イタリア風序曲」で,急-緩-急の3部分構造を創始。古典派のシンフォニーを生む母体となった。古典派になると,序曲はソナタ形式を採用。オペラの序曲は,その劇内容を暗示する役割を果すようになる。 19世紀には,しばしば独立した演奏会用序曲が作曲され,F.メンデルスゾーンの『フィンガルの洞窟』,J.ブラームスの『大学祝典序曲』などの名曲が生れた。ロマン派の時代が進み,R.ワーグナーの楽劇では前奏曲と呼ばれ,ソナタ形式を脱し,ただちに楽劇の最初の場面へと導く自由な形式となった。
序曲
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