Mental Health and Welfare Act

Japanese: 精神保健福祉法 - せいしんほけんふくしほう
Mental Health and Welfare Act

This law is about medical care and protection for the mentally handicapped, promoting social rehabilitation, and encouraging independence. Its official name is the "Mental Health and Welfare of the Mentally Handicapped Act." It was enacted in 1950 (Showa 25), and was amended in 1987 to become the Mental Health Act, which came into effect in 1988. This Mental Health Act was partially amended in 1993 (Heisei 5), and became the Mental Health and Welfare Act in 1995.

[Takehiko Yoshikawa]

Changes due to the amendment

The main features of the 1987 (Showa 62) amendment that changed the Mental Hygiene Law to the Mental Health Law were:
(1) The addition of "social rehabilitation" to the treatment of people with mental disabilities,
(2) The protection of the human rights of people with mental disorders was strongly emphasized in accordance with the idea of ​​informed consent (sufficient explanation from the doctor and consent of the patient).
(3) The maintenance and promotion of the nation's mental health was emphasized.
The three points are as follows. In particular, with regard to human rights protection, a psychiatric medical examination board was established in each prefecture to examine the appropriateness of the treatment of the mentally disabled, strict conditions were imposed on the restrictions on the activities of hospitalized patients, freedom of communication and visits was guaranteed, and doctors who violated these human rights provisions were penalized. Amendments made in 1993 included the introduction of special provisions for large cities, clarification of the definition of mentally disabled (or mentally disabled), changing the name of "person with protective duties" to "guardian," legalization of community life support programs (group homes), establishment of social rehabilitation promotion centers, and review of disqualification clauses. The 1995 amendment to become the Mental Health and Welfare Act, which, following the 1970 Basic Act for Measures for the Mentally and Physically Disabled revised in December 1993, clearly defined mentally disabled persons as disabled persons, proclaimed in Article 1 that the social participation and independence of the mentally disabled would be promoted, and provisions regarding the rehabilitation of the mentally disabled were organized. Lifestyle training facilities, vocational training facilities, welfare homes, and welfare factories were listed as legally required social rehabilitation facilities, and the Mental Health and Welfare Handbook (Disability Handbook) was institutionalized. In addition, outpatient rehabilitation services were legally required as social adaptation training services. Although not a legal requirement, community life support services for the mentally disabled were implemented, and the establishment of support centers was promoted.

The main changes made in the 1999 amendment were to limit medical protective hospitalization and to abolish the provisional hospitalization system in order to ensure that medical care respects the human rights of the mentally disabled. In addition, as a basis for the system of emergency psychiatric care, it was made possible to transfer the mentally disabled to a hospital with the consent of their guardian, and the guardian's obligations were lightened. Furthermore, it legalized the establishment of community life support centers as facilities for the social rehabilitation of the mentally disabled, and allowed private companies to operate home help services and short stay services. In addition, with the enforcement of the Act on Support and Services for Persons with Disabilities in 2006, the public medical care fee payment system (Article 32) stipulated in this act was deleted and the Act was replaced by the Act on Support and Services for Persons with Disabilities. In addition, the term schizophrenia, which had been used in the definition of the mentally disabled (Article 5), was changed to schizophrenia.

The April 2013 amendments were first discussed in the House of Councillors, then passed by the House of Representatives in June of the same year, and came into effect (with some exceptions) in April 2014. The main changes were (1) the abolition of the guardianship system, (2) a review of the medical protection system, and (3) a review of the Psychiatric Care Review Board.

[Takehiko Yoshikawa]

[References] | Informed consent | Group home | Basic Act for Persons with Disabilities | Act on Support for Persons with Disabilities | Mental Hygiene Act | Mental health

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

精神障害者の医療・保護、社会復帰促進、自立の促進などに関する法律。正式名称は「精神保健及び精神障害者福祉に関する法律」。昭和25年法律第123号。1950年(昭和25)に制定された精神衛生法を1987年に大改正、1988年に施行したものが精神保健法である。この精神保健法は1993年(平成5)の一部改正を経て、1995年に精神保健福祉法となった。

[吉川武彦]

改正による動き

精神衛生法から精神保健法となった1987年(昭和62)改正の特徴は、
(1)精神障害者の処遇に「社会復帰」が加えられたこと、
(2)精神障害者の人権擁護がインフォームド・コンセント(医師の十分な説明と患者の同意)の考えにしたがって強く打ち出されたこと、
(3)国民の精神的健康の保持・増進が大きくうたわれたこと、
の3点にある。なかでも人権擁護に関しては、精神障害者処遇の適否等を審査するため都道府県に精神医療審査会を設置したことや、入院中の患者の行動制限には厳格な条件がつけられたほか通信・面会の自由が保障され、これらの人権規定に違反した医師には罰則が科されることになった。1993年(平成5)の改正点は、大都市特例の導入、精神障害(者)の定義の明確化、「保護義務者」の「保護者」への名称変更、地域生活援助事業(グループホーム)の法定化、社会復帰促進センターの設置、欠格条項の見直しなどである。1995年改正によって精神保健福祉法となったが、この改正では、障害者基本法(1970年の心身障害者対策基本法が1993年12月に改正されたもの)が精神障害者を障害者と明確に定めたのを受け、この法の第1条に精神障害者の社会参加と自立を促進することがうたわれ、精神障害者のリハビリテーションに関する条項が整理された。社会復帰施設として生活訓練施設、授産施設、福祉ホーム、福祉工場が法定施設として列挙されたほか精神障害者保健福祉手帳(障害者手帳)が制度化された。また、通院患者リハビリテーション事業は社会適応訓練事業として法定化した。なお、法定事項ではないが、精神障害者の地域生活支援事業が行われることになり支援センターの設置が進められることとなった。

 1999年の改正では、精神障害者の人権に配慮した医療の確保のため、医療保護入院を限定的なものとした点や、仮入院制度を廃止した点がおもな改正事項である。また、精神科救急医療の制度基盤として、保護者の同意があれば精神障害者の病院への移送ができるようにしたほか、保護者の義務を軽くした。さらに、精神障害者の社会復帰施設として、地域生活支援センターを法制化し、ホームヘルプ・サービスやショートステイなどの事業を民間でも行えるようにした。また、2006年(平成18)の障害者自立支援法施行に伴い、本法に定められていた通院医療費公費負担制度(32条)が削除され、障害者自立支援法に移行されるなどの一部改正が行われたほか、精神障害者の定義(5条)のなかで用いられてきた精神分裂病の呼称を統合失調症に変更した。

 2013年4月の改正は、参議院先議で改正が図られ、同年6月には衆議院で可決成立、2014年4月(一部を除く)から施行された。おもな改正点は、(1)保護者制度の廃止、(2)医療保護制度の見直し、(3)精神医療審査会に関する見直しである。

[吉川武彦]

[参照項目] | インフォームド・コンセント | グループホーム | 障害者基本法 | 障害者自立支援法 | 精神衛生法 | 精神保健

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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