Monad (English spelling)

Japanese: モナド(英語表記)Monade; monad
Monad (English spelling)
German philosopher Leibniz's concept of substance. It comes from the Greek word monos, meaning one, and is translated as monad (the word itself has examples of use before Bruno and Helmont). It is equivalent to what is called substantial form, entelecheia, metaphysical point, etc. in works such as Discourse on Metaphysics, and is systematically developed in Monadology. Monads are simple substances without parts, spiritual rather than material. They do not come into being or disappear, and all changes that occur in them come from an internal principle ("monads have no windows"), and they express the whole world and all history through representations (including those that are not conscious). The diachronic principle that changes representations is desire. Since monads are not influenced by external forces, there is no causal relationship between monads, and their mutual relationships are explained by the principle of pre-established harmony. The world is made up of monads ranging from low-level objects to gods, and this hierarchy is determined by the clarity of the representations contained in each monad.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ドイツの哲学者ライプニッツの実体概念。ギリシア語で1を意味する語 monosに由来し,単子と訳される (言葉自体はブルーノやヘルモントらに先行する用例がある) 。『形而上学叙説』などの著作で実体的形相,エンテレケイア,形而上学点などといわれるものに等しく,『単子論』で体系的に展開されている。モナドは部分をもたない単純な実体で,物質的ではなく霊的である。生成消滅することはなく,そこに起る一切の変化は内的原理に由来し (「モナドには窓がない」) ,表象 (意識されないものを含む) によって全世界と全歴史を表現する。表象を変化させる通時的原理は欲求である。モナドは外からの影響を受けないから,モナド間に因果関係はなく,相互間の関係は予定調和の原理で説明される。世界は低級な物体から神にいたるモナドによって構成されており,この位階はそれぞれのモナドの含む表象の明瞭度による。

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