It is the amount remaining after subtracting the cost required to produce one unit of a product (marginal cost) from the price at which a producer actually sells one unit of a product (market price). For example, suppose the selling price of a television is 200,000 yen. If the production cost of the first unit is 150,000 yen, then the producer surplus is 50,000 yen. Suppose that producing a second television costs an additional 180,000 yen. The marginal cost increases from 150,000 yen to 180,000 yen. Normally, it can be assumed that the marginal cost increases as the number of televisions produced increases, and this is called the law of increasing marginal cost. The producer surplus for the second television is 20,000 yen. A company will produce televisions as long as producer surplus is not negative. Therefore, it will produce televisions up to the third unit, at which point producer surplus is exactly zero. The total producer surplus is 50,000 yen + 20,000 yen + 00,000 yen = 70,000 yen. Producer surplus is equal to the sum of fixed costs and profits. Let's take a look at this. Profit, by definition, is sales revenue minus the sum of fixed costs and variable costs. So profit plus fixed costs equals sales revenue minus variable costs. Since variable costs equal the sum of the marginal costs of each TV, the previous statement holds true. The goal of a firm is to maximize profits. Regardless of the number of televisions produced, the firm must always incur fixed costs. Therefore, the firm will produce as many televisions as necessary to maximize producer surplus, i.e., the number of televisions produced where price equals marginal cost. The concept of producer surplus, along with consumer surplus, was proposed by A. Marshall and J.R. Hicks, and was used to explain profit disparities based on differences in production technology, location conditions, sales conditions, etc. However, these discussions overlook the inter-industry dependencies, and when the entire economic system is taken into account, it generally becomes extremely difficult to measure consumer surplus and producer surplus. [Toshiyuki Uchijima] "J.R. Hicks, Theory of Demand, translated by Tadashi Hayasaka and Yasuaki Murakami (1958, Iwanami Shoten)" "A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, four volumes, translated by Keinosuke Baba (1965-67, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" [Reference] |©Shogakukan "> Producer Surplus Illustration (TV Example) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ある商品一単位について、生産者が実際に販売する価格(市場価格)から、その製品一単位を生産するに必要な費用(限界費用)を差し引いたのちに残る金額のこと。たとえば、テレビの販売価格が20万円であるとする。最初の一台目の生産費用が15万円であると、そのときの生産者余剰は5万円となる。二台目のテレビを生産すると追加的に18万円の費用がかかるとする。限界費用は15万円から18万円へと増加する。通常はテレビの生産台数が増えるとその限界費用もまた増大すると考えてよく、これを限界費用逓増(ていぞう)の法則とよぶ。二台目のテレビの生産者余剰は2万円である。企業は生産者余剰がマイナスでない限りテレビを生産する。したがって、ちょうど生産者余剰がゼロとなる三台目までテレビを生産する。生産者余剰の総額は5万円+2万円+0万円=7万円となる。生産者余剰は固定費用と利潤との合計に等しい。このことをみてみよう。利潤は定義により、販売収入から固定費用と可変費用との合計を差し引いたものである。したがって利潤プラス固定費用は販売収入マイナス可変費用に等しい。可変費用は各テレビの限界費用の総計に等しいので、先の命題が成立する。 企業の目的は利潤の最大化である。テレビの台数にかかわらず企業はつねに固定費用を負担しなければならない。したがって企業は生産者余剰が最大になるように、つまり価格イコール限界費用が成立する台数までテレビを生産するのである。 生産者余剰の概念は、消費者余剰とともに、A・マーシャルやJ・R・ヒックスによって示されたもので、生産技術の差異や立地条件、販売条件などの差異に基づく利潤格差の説明に用いられた。しかしながらこれらの議論では、産業間の依存関係を見落としており、経済体系全体を考慮した場合には、消費者余剰や生産者余剰の測定は一般に著しく困難になる。 [内島敏之] 『J・R・ヒックス著、早坂忠・村上泰亮訳『需要理論』(1958・岩波書店)』▽『A・マーシャル著、馬場啓之助訳『経済学原理』全四巻(1965~67・東洋経済新報社)』 [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> 生産者余剰説明図(テレビの例) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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