Avignon - Avignon (English spelling)

Japanese: アビニョン - あびにょん(英語表記)Avignon
Avignon - Avignon (English spelling)

The capital of Vaucluse department in southeastern France. Population 85,935 (1999). Located at the confluence of the Rhône and Durance rivers, about 100 km northwest of Marseille. It is the administrative, commercial and religious center, and has a university, but is also known as a tourist center. Industry is also developed, with chemicals, refining, machinery, household goods, textiles, food (canned goods, biscuits, etc.), paper, printing, etc. flourishing. Commerce is well developed because it is located at a transportation hub with railways and highways, and there is a large market for agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, and wine. The Gothic palace where the Pope lived in the 14th century still remains, and it is a tourist destination along with historical buildings such as the city walls surrounding the city, the Saint-Bénézet Bridge over the Rhône River (built in the 12th century; half of the bridge has remained since the 17th century), and the cathedral. The theater festival held every summer is famous. The historic centre of Avignon was registered as a World Heritage Site in 1995 (World Cultural Heritage).

[Nobuyoshi Aoki]

history

In ancient times, it was a trading centre of Massalia (the old name of Marseille) and then of the Celts, but in the early days of the Roman Empire, it became a Roman colony. In the 6th century, it came under the control of the Franks, and in the 8th century, the Provençales rebelled against Charles Martel, mayor of the Frankish palace, and sought the help of the Arabs, so it was sacked by Charles twice (736, 737). In the 11th century, after the rule of vicomtes (vice-counts), it became a city of consulas (municipal councils) in 1136 (or 1129). During the Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229), it sided with the heretic Count Raymond VI of Toulouse (1156-1228), and was therefore under military oppression by King Louis VIII of France (1187-1226) (1226). It was later ruled jointly by Louis IX's brother Charles d'Anjou (1226-1285) and Alphonse de Poitiers (1220-1271), and was annexed to the County of Provence at the end of the 13th century.

During the reign of King Philip IV, the Pope moved the Papal seat to Avignon and placed it under the control of the King, which led to the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the Pope (also known as the Avignon Exile) (1309-1377). This brought prosperity to Avignon, and many royals, nobles, scholars, poets, and artists visited and lived in the city. In 1348, Avignon was sold to the Pope by the Count of Provence, and it remained under the ownership of the Papal Court until the French Revolution.

It was annexed by France together with the County of Benasque in 1791, and was confirmed by the Peace of Trentino in 1797.

[Yoshio Shigaki]

[References] | Avignon Papacy | Albigensian Crusade | Charles Martel | Pope | Provence

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス南東部、ボークリューズ県の県都。人口8万5935(1999)。マルセイユの北西約100キロメートルのローヌ川とデュランス川の合流地点にある。行政、商業、宗教の中心地で、大学もあるが、観光の中心地としてよく知られる。工業も発達し、化学、精錬、機械、家庭用品、織物、食料品(缶詰、ビスケットなど)、紙、印刷などの各工業が盛んである。鉄道、自動車道など交通の要衝にあるため商業はよく発達し、とくに果実、野菜、ぶどう酒などの農産物の大市場がある。14世紀に教皇が居住したゴシック様式の宮殿がいまも残り、都市を囲む城壁、ローヌ川に架けられたサン・ベネゼ橋(12世紀建造。17世紀以来橋の半分が残る)、大聖堂などの歴史的建築物とともに観光の対象である。毎年夏に開催される演劇祭は有名。なお、アビニョンの歴史地区は1995年に世界遺産の文化遺産として登録されている(世界文化遺産)。

[青木伸好]

歴史

古くはマッサリア(マルセイユの古名)の、ついでケルト人の商業拠点であったが、ローマ帝政の初期にローマの植民地となった。6世紀になってフランク人の支配下に置かれ、8世紀にはプロバンス人がフランク王国の宮宰カール・マルテルに反抗してアラブ人の救援を求めたため、二度にわたってカールの略奪を受けた(736、737)。11世紀になってビコント(副伯)たちの統治ののち、1136年(または1129年)コンシュラ(市参事会)の都市となった。アルビジョア十字軍(1209~1229)のときには異端派のトゥールーズ伯レイモン6世Raymond Ⅵ(1156―1228)の側にたったので、フランス国王ルイ8世Louis Ⅷ(1187―1226)の軍事的制圧下に置かれた(1226)。その後、ルイ9世の王弟シャルル・ダンジューCharles d'Anjou(1226―1285)とアルフォンス・ド・ポアチエAlphonse de Poitiers(1220―1271)の共同統治を受け、13世紀末プロバンス伯領に併合された。

 国王フィリップ4世の時代、ローマ教皇はアビニョンに教皇座を移して国王の支配下にたつ、いわゆる教皇の「バビロン捕囚」(アビニョンの幽囚ともよばれる)の時代となったが(1309~1377)、このことはアビニョンに繁栄をもたらし、多くの王侯貴族、学者、詩人、芸術家がこの町を訪れ、また居住した。1348年アビニョンはプロバンス伯家によって教皇に売却され、以後フランス革命に至るまで教皇庁の領有下に置かれることになった。

 ブナスク伯領とともにフランスに併合されたのは1791年で、追認されたのは1797年のトレンティーノの和約によってである。

[志垣嘉夫]

[参照項目] | アビニョン教皇庁 | アルビジョア十字軍 | カール・マルテル | 教皇 | プロバンス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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