Spectral type

Japanese: スペクトル型 - すぺくとるがた(英語表記)spectral type
Spectral type

A classification of stars according to the appearance of the absorption line spectrum seen when light from the star is photographed through a low-dispersion spectroscope. The classification began at the end of the 19th century, and at the beginning of the 20th century, the Henry Draper Catalogue was published, which listed the spectral types of about 230,000 stars. Alphabetical symbols were given to simply classify the stars according to their appearance, but as astrophysical meanings became available, the order changed, and the stars are now classified as O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, in order of increasing surface temperature. At the end of the 20th century, infrared observations discovered stars with lower temperatures than M-type stars, and the classification groups L and T were added. Some low-temperature stars near M-types show compositional anomalies, and there are also R, N, S, and C-type stars. Each type is further divided into 10 types, and stars between A0 and F0 are labeled as A5.

Standard spectral types have been theoretically elucidated in detail as those emitted by gas with standard elemental composition, such as that found in the Sun, in the temperature range from tens of thousands to several thousand K. Furthermore, there is a method of designating two-dimensional spectral types by adding Roman numerals I to V indicating "luminosity classes," taking advantage of the fact that the influence of the pressure of stellar matter appears in the width of the spectral lines. Since the appearance of the spectrum is not affected by interstellar absorption, if the spectrum can be classified even for distant stars, it will be useful for estimating the mass, absolute luminosity, distance, etc. of the star.

[Keiichi Kodaira and Masanori Ie]

[References] | Stars | Star Catalog

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

恒星からの光を低分散度の分光器にかけて撮影し、そこに見られる吸収線スペクトルの見かけのようすに従って類別したもの。19世紀末から始められ、20世紀の初めには約23万個の恒星についてのスペクトル型を記載した『ヘンリー‐ドレーパー星表』が出版された。単なる見かけによる系列化に対してアルファベット記号が与えられていたが、しだいに天体物理学的な意味づけが可能になるにつれて順序も入れ替わり、ほぼ恒星の表面温度の高い順に、O、B、A、F、G、K、M型となって定着している。20世紀末になり、赤外線観測でM型星より低温の恒星が見つかり、L型、T型という分類群が加わった。M型近くの低温度星については、組成異常を示すものがあり、R、N、S、C型もある。各型はさらに10に細分され、A0型とF0型の中間の星はA5のように記される。

 標準的なスペクトル型は、太陽にみられるような標準元素組成のガスが数万Kから数千Kの温度領域で発するものとして、理論的に詳しく解明されている。さらには恒星物質の圧力の影響がスペクトル線の太さに現れることを利用して、「光度階級」を示すローマ数字Ⅰ~Ⅴを添えて二次元のスペクトル型指定をする方式もある。スペクトルのようすは星間吸収に影響されないので、遠い恒星についてもスペクトル分類ができれば、恒星の質量、絶対光度、距離などを推定するのに役だつ。

[小平桂一・家 正則]

[参照項目] | 恒星 | 星表

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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