Abbreviation for extrasensory perception. A term in parapsychology. Chosen by American parapsychologist Line. A general term for clairvoyance, telepathy, and precognition. Ordinary vision and hearing occur when physical stimuli such as light and sound from the object of perception reach the living body, excite the sensory organs, and are transmitted to the central nervous system. However, ESP is a phenomenon in which perception occurs or is influenced by physical stimuli that are blocked. Lyne created a set of 25 "ESP cards" with five different shapes, shuffled them, and randomly arranged them, and had subjects guess the shapes on the cards without anyone knowing. The scores were statistically significant, far exceeding the expected value by chance, proving the existence of clairvoyance. He then went on to prove the existence of telepathy and precognition. ESP has properties known as "second-order effects," such as the misalignment effect, position effect, and psimissing. ESP is subtly influenced by the psychological and physiological conditions of the perceiver. The receptors for ESP are unknown, and the relationship between the spatial and temporal distance between the object and the perceiver is also unclear. ESP experiences in everyday life are also being studied. ESP and PK (psychokinesis) are collectively called the psi phenomenon. [Muneshige Otani] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
超感覚的知覚extrasensory perceptionの略。超心理学の用語。アメリカの超心理学者ラインの選定による。透視、テレパシー、予知の総称。普通の視覚、聴覚などは、知覚対象からの光、音など物理的刺激の生体への到達、感受器官の興奮、それの中枢への伝達を経て生じる。しかしESPは、物理的刺激が遮られた状態で知覚を生じたり、その影響を受けたりする現象である。 ラインは5種の図形をもつ1組25枚からなる「ESPカード」をつくり、それを切り混ぜ、でたらめな順序とし、表の図形をだれにもわからない条件で被験者に当てさせた。得点は、偶然期待値を大きく上回る統計的に有意な結果となり、これにより透視の存在を証明した。続いてテレパシー、予知の存在をも証明した。ESPには、ずれの効果、位置効果、サイミッシングpsimissingなど「二次効果」とよばれる性質がある。 ESPは感知者の心理・生理的条件により微妙に影響される。ESPの感受器官は不明であり、また対象と知覚者の間の空間的および時間的距離との関係もまだ明らかでない。日常生活のなかで経験されるESP経験も研究されている。 なお、ESPとPK(psychokinesis念力)をあわせサイpsi現象とよんでいる。 [大谷宗司] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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