A branch of Shiite Islam. Also known as the Seven Imams. After the death of the sixth Shiite (fifth in the Ismaili) Imam (leader), Ja'far Sadiq (699/702-765), the Twelver Imams declared his second son, Musa Kazim, to be the seventh Imam, whereas this sect maintained that the title of Imam had been passed down to his eldest son, Ismail, who had died earlier, and that his son, Muhammad, was the seventh and final Imam. They also believed that Muhammad was not dead, but would return to this world in the future as the savior (Mahdi). From the second half of the 9th century onwards, they actively engaged in revolutionary missionary activities as a secret society. The leader of this movement, Ubayd Allāh, declared himself to be the Imam, founded the Fatimid dynasty in North Africa in the early 10th century, and challenged Sunni Islam doctrinally and politically. Although their doctrine has changed over time, they are characterized by their emphasis on esoteric and metaphorical interpretation of the scriptures and their absolute submission to the Imam, who is the mediator between God and man. One branch, the Nizari sect, was feared by the Crusaders as an assassin sect. Currently, there are a small number of followers in Syria, India, and other places. [Shigeru Kamata] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イスラム教シーア派の一分派。七(しち)イマーム派ともよばれる。シーア派の第6代(イスマーイール派では第5代)イマーム(指導者)、ジャアファル・サーディク(699/702―765)の没後、十二イマーム派が次子ムーサー・カージムを第7代としたのに対し、この派は、イマーム位は先に没した長子イスマーイールに伝わっていて、その息子ムハンマドが第7代目で最後のイマームであると主張した。そして、ムハンマドは死んだのではなく将来、救世主(マフディー)としてこの世に再臨すると信じる。彼らは9世紀後半以降、秘密結社的な革命的宣教活動を活発に展開した。この運動の指導者、ウバイド・アッラー‘Ubayd Allāhは自分こそがそのイマームであると宣言し、10世紀初めに北アフリカにファーティマ朝を創設し、スンニー派イスラムに教義的、政治的に挑戦した。教義は時代とともに改変されたが、聖典解釈における秘教的比喩(ひゆ)的解釈の重視、神と人との仲保者であるイマームへの絶対的服従を特徴とする。一支派のニザール派は十字軍に暗殺者教団(アサシン派)として恐れられた。現在、信者は少数ながらシリア、インドなどにいる。 [鎌田 繁] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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