Mathematical programming

Japanese: 数理計画法 - すうりけいかくほう(英語表記)mathematical programming
Mathematical programming
In a broader sense, it refers to the entire system of methods used by human agents to make some kind of plan, with mathematical methods as a background. In this case, "planning" can be rephrased as "decision-making" or "selection of action" by individuals, families, companies, public institutions, governments, international organizations, etc. Many methods are used in the science of decision-making, such as management science, operations research, industrial engineering, administrative engineering, management science, systems engineering, and information engineering, and mathematical programming is at the heart of them all. Shortly after World War II, the terms linear programming and nonlinear programming were coined, and the concept of mathematical programming was established to encompass both. Mathematical programming is divided into (1) linear programming (based on algebraic methods), (2) nonlinear programming (based on analytical methods), (3) dynamic programming (based on recursive methods), (4) discrete programming (based on permutations, combinatorial methods, number theoretic operations, and other methods, such as integer programming), and (5) the calculus of variations and maximum principle (based on partial differential equations, functional analysis, and other methods, such as stochastic programming). In general, mathematical programming is a mathematical method for dealing with allocation problems, which are problems of allocating resources to various tasks or activities to be performed.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
広義には数学的な手法を背景として,人間的主体がなんらかの計画を行うときに利用される方法の全体系を意味する。このときの「計画」とは,個人または家庭,企業,公共機関,政府,国際機関などの「意思決定」または「行動の選択」と言い替えることができる。意思決定の科学に対しては,経営科学 (マネジメント・サイエンス) ,オペレーションズ・リサーチ,経営工学 (インダストリアル・エンジニアリング) ,管理工学,管理科学,システム工学,情報工学などの多くの手法が用いられているが,数理計画法はその中心的部分に位置する。第2次世界大戦後まもなく線形計画法が,続いて非線形計画法という言葉が誕生し,両者を包括するものとして数理計画法の概念が成立した。数理計画法は,(1) 線形計画法 (代数的な方法によるもの) ,(2) 非線形計画法 (解析的な方法によるもの) ,(3) 動的計画法 (再帰的な方法によるもの) ,(4) 離散的計画法 (順列,組合せ,整数論的演算その他の方法によるもの,整数計画法など) ,(5) 変分法および最大値原理 (偏微分方程式,関数解析などの方法によるもの,確率的計画法など) に分けられる。一般に数理計画法はなされるべきいろいろな仕事ないし活動に資源を割当てる問題,すなわち配分問題を取扱うための数学的方法である。

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