The Japanese Pharmacopoeia specifies ammonia NH3 dissolved in water at a ratio of 10 W/V%. Ammonia is a gas at room temperature and highly volatile, so its aqueous solution has an ammonia odor and strongly irritates the nasal mucosa when smelled directly. Concentrated ammonia has a strong local irritant effect, but short-term contact with the skin or mucosa of a concentration similar to this solution causes a burning sensation and redness, and prolonged contact causes necrosis of the local tissue. When taken orally or inhaled, it reflexively stimulates the respiratory and vasomotor centers of the medulla oblongata by local irritation in the stomach or airways. It also has an expectorant effect by reflexively increasing bronchial secretion. Clinically, it is used as a sniffing agent or stimulant when fainting, as well as in aromatic ammonia essence or ammonia-fennel essence for expectoration, and as a mixture with ointments for skin irritation. If taken internally in large quantities, it is an irritant that can cause inflammation of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach, and can lead to vomiting, collapse, and glottal edema leading to difficulty breathing and death by suffocation. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
アンモニア NH3 を 10W/V%の割合に水に溶かしたものと日本薬局方で規定されている。アンモニアは常温では気体で,揮発性が強いので,水溶液はアンモニア臭があり,直接かぐと鼻粘膜を強く刺激する。濃厚なアンモニアは強い局所刺激作用を有するが,本溶液程度の濃度のものを短時間皮膚や粘膜に接触させると灼熱感と発赤を起し,長時間接触させると局所組織に壊死を起す。経口摂取あるいは吸入したときは胃あるいは気道における局所刺激作用によって反射的に延髄の呼吸および血管運動中枢を興奮させる。反射性の気管支分泌亢進による去痰作用もある。臨床的には失神時にかぎ薬,気付薬として,去痰用には芳香アンモニア精,アンモニア・ウイキョウ精が,皮膚刺激用には軟膏に混ぜて利用されることがある。大量を内用すると刺激性のため,口腔,咽頭,食道,胃に炎症を起し,嘔吐,虚脱,声門浮腫による呼吸困難や窒息死を招くことがある。
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