...The order of pilgrimage is usually: purification before departure, celebration, confession, prayer along the way, prayer at the holy place, offering of milagros (small metal objects in the shape of feet or hearts, praying for miracles), offering of pediments (objects in the shape of animals, houses, etc.) or ex botos (votive plaques), offering of dance, participation in the feria (market), purification in a river or spring, and the return journey. Anthropologist V. Turner viewed pilgrimage as communitas, an anti-structure that opposes the community, which is the structure of everyday life. According to him, communitas is a state that naturally occurs among equal and individualistic people, and its universal and liberating character is emphasized in contrast to the specific character of a society structured toward a specific utilitarian goal. ... From [Rite of Passage]...M. Gluckman also considered rites of passage to have the function of preventing social relations from becoming unstable when an individual's status changes. V. Turner's theory of "communitas" as a structureless, systemless situation seen in groups in times of change developed Van Gennep's concept of "transition" in rites of passage, and attempted to approach the essence of the ritual symbolically from its unlimited attributes. From the perspective of religious studies, M. Eliade considered rites of passage as a process in which humans, who are born as natural beings, approach the ideal of a religious human in a particular culture by passing through many rituals in that culture. ... *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "communitas" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…巡礼の順序としては,出発前の身の清め,祝い,ざんげ,道々の礼拝,聖地での礼拝,ミラグロ(奇跡を祈願する奉納品で,足や心臓の形をした小さな金属製品),ペディメント(動物,家など祈願物をかたどった物)やエクス・ボト(絵馬)の奉納,ダンスの奉納,フェリア(市)への参加,川や泉での身の清め,帰路,という順序が普通認められる。 人類学者V.ターナーは巡礼を,日常性の構造であるコミュニティに対置する反構造としてのコミュニタスcommunitasとしてとらえた。彼によればコミュニタスとは,平等で個性にあふれた人々の間に自然に発生する状態であり,特定の実利的目標に向けて構造化された社会の特殊的性格に対して,その普遍的,解放的性格が強調される。… 【通過儀礼】より…またグラックマンM.Gluckmanは通過儀礼を個人の身分が変化するにあたって,その社会関係が不安定化するのを避けようとする機能をもつものと考えた。ターナーV.Turnerの,変動期の集団に見られる無構造・無体制的状況としての〈コミュニタスcommunitas〉論は,ファン・ヘネップの通過儀礼における〈過渡〉の概念を発展させ,その無限定的属性から象徴論的に儀礼の本質に迫ろうとしたものである。また宗教学的立場からM.エリアーデは,通過儀礼を自然的存在として生まれた人間が,特定の文化のなかで,多くの儀礼を通過することによって,その文化における宗教的人間の理想に近づくプロセスとみなした。… ※「communitas」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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