Jinshin family register

There are two family registers, each named after the zodiac sign of the year in which they were created (Mizunoe-Saru).

(1) A family register created in 902 (Engi 2). Some of the records from Awa Province (Tokushima Prefecture) still exist, but there are an unusually large number of women and elderly people, and there are clear signs of manipulation due to the disruption of the Ritsuryo system.

(2) The Family Registration Law was promulgated in 1871 (Meiji 4), and the Meiji government created the first nationwide family register the following year. While the Edo period's personal registers were based on social status, this law registered citizens by their place of residence. In other words, regardless of whether they were aristocrats, samurai, or commoners, the household was the unit of registration, with the head of the household at the top, followed by his or her direct ascendants, spouse, direct descendants, and collateral parents. The government aimed to directly control all citizens and use the registry as a basic reference for administration such as conscription and taxation. Family registration affairs came under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Finance, and then the Ministry of Home Affairs, and were systematically organized through Ministry of Home Affairs orders in 1886 (Notification of Birth, Death, Immigration, and Residents, and Procedures for Handling Family Registrations), which became the basis for the "family" system in the new Meiji Civil Code.

[Masaru Tokinotani]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

作成された年の干支(えと)（壬申(みずのえさる)）によって命名された戸籍で、二つある。

(1)902年（延喜2）作成の戸籍。阿波(あわ)国（徳島県）の一部のものが現存しているが、女子、老人が異常に多く、律令(りつりょう)制の乱れに伴う作為の跡が著しい。

(2)1871年（明治4）公布の戸籍法により、翌年明治政府が作成した最初の全国的な戸籍。江戸時代の人別帳が身分別であったのに対し、国民を居住地において登録することとした。すなわち、華族、士族、平民の別なく、戸を単位として、戸主を筆頭とし、家族を直系尊属、戸主の配偶者、直系卑属、傍系親の順に記載。国が全国民を直接掌握し、徴兵、徴税など行政の基礎資料にしようとしたものである。戸籍事務は、民部省、大蔵省を経て内務省所管となり、86年の内務省令（出生死去出入寄留者届方、戸籍取扱手続）などによって制度的に整備され、明治新民法の「家」制度の基盤となった。

［時野谷勝］

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