Proverbs

Japanese: 箴言 - しんげん（英語表記）Mishle; Proverbs

A book of the Old Testament, it is a representative work of wisdom literature in the Old Testament. In the Masoretic text, it is one of the books called the Truth of the Books, and in the Septuagint, it is one of literature. The original word for Proverbs, mesha rim, means "metaphor" or "sayings." From the title of the first chapter, it has long been believed that the author of Proverbs was Solomon, but in fact it is a collection of several proverbs, and it is unclear what relationship Solomon himself had to it. The contents of the book are roughly divided into (1) Praise of Wisdom (chapters 1-9), (2) Proverbs of Solomon (10:1-22:16), (3) Sayings of the Wise (22:17-24:34), (4) Proverbs of Solomon (chapters 25-29), (5) Sayings of Agur, son of Jakeh, a Massan (chapter 30), (6) Sayings of Lemuel, king of Massa (31:1-9), and (7) Acrostic poems (alphabetical poems) praising wise wives. The book was probably written after the Babylonian captivity, when the situation was pessimistic both at home and abroad, traditional beliefs were in turmoil, and moral decadence was evident. In this time of crisis, teachers who replaced the prophets (wise men) instructed the young Jews by preaching practical advice for life, based on the traditional belief that there is no greater wisdom than the fear of God.

Proverbs
Les Maximes

A collection of aphorisms by the French moralist La Rochefoucauld. It is an abbreviation of Réflexions ou Sentences et Maximes morales (Reflections, or Precepts and Proverbs). Published in 1665. Written in the literary style popular in salons at the time, it has been revised and edited many times, and the definitive edition (5th edition, 1678) contains 504 pieces. The concise and precise style of writing sharply probes the subtle inner recesses of human psychology, and the underlying idea that "virtue is almost always a disguised vice" is pessimistic and pessimistic, reflecting the author's disappointing later life.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

旧約聖書の一書で旧約における知恵文学の代表的なもの。マソラ本文では諸書の真理と呼ばれるものの一書，セプトゥアギンタでは文学の一書。箴言の原語メシャーリームは「比喩」あるいは「格言」の意。第1章の表題から古来『箴言』の著者はソロモンとされていたが，実際はいくつかの箴言集の集成であり，ソロモン自身がそれとどのような関係に立つかは不明である。内容は，(1) 知恵の賛美 (1～9章) ，(2) ソロモンの箴言 (10・1～22・16) ，(3) 知恵ある者の言 (22・17～24・34) ，(4) ソロモンの箴言 (25～29章) ，(5) マッサの人ヤケの子アグルの言 (30章) ，(6) マッサの王レムエルの言 (31・1～9) ，(7) 賢い妻をたたえたアクロスティックの詩 (アルファベット詩歌) に大別される。『箴言』の成立した時代はおそらくバビロン捕囚後で，内外ともに悲観すべき状況にあり伝統的信仰は動揺し道徳的退廃も著しかった。この危機にあたり，預言者に代る教師たち (知恵ある者) は，神を恐れる以上の知恵はないという伝統的信仰に立脚しながら実際的処世訓を説き，若いユダヤ人を指導した。

箴言
しんげん
Les Maximes

フランスのモラリスト，ラ・ロシュフーコーの警句集。『反省または教訓と箴言』 Réflexions ou Sentences et Maximes moralesの略。 1665年刊。当時のサロンで流行した文学様式に従って書かれたもので，何度も加筆訂正され，定本 (5版，1678) は 504編を収める。簡潔的確な文体によって人間心理の微妙な内奥に鋭いメスが入れられており，「美徳はほとんど常に偽装せる悪徳である」を基調にしたその思想は作者の失意の後半生を反映して，厭世的，悲観的である。

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