Quadratic surface - Nijikyokumen

Japanese: 二次曲面 - にじきょくめん
Quadratic surface - Nijikyokumen

Quadratic equation between Cartesian coordinates x, y, and z in space: ax 2 +by 2 +cz 2 +2fyz+2gzx+2hxy
+2lx+2my+2nz+d=0
A surface expressed by the following formula is called a quadratic surface. By translating or rotating the coordinate system appropriately, a quadratic surface can take one of the following seven standard forms (note that a, b, and c below are different from the original formula).

(1) Ellipsoid
(x 2 /a 2 )+(y 2 /b 2 )+(z 2 /c 2 )=1
No matter what plane you cut it on, the cut surface will be an ellipse. This quadric surface is the only one that is within a finite range. When a=b, it is a surface of revolution around the z axis, resembling a rugby ball or a disc. This is called an ellipsoid of revolution. When a=b=c, it is a sphere of radius a.

(2) Quadratic cone
(x 2 /a 2 )+(y 2 /b 2 )-(z 2 /c 2 )=0
If you cut it perpendicular to the z-axis, all the cuts are ellipses. If you cut it with a plane that passes through the origin, all the cuts become two straight lines, so it is a ruled surface. Here, a ruled surface is a curved surface created by a certain group of straight lines.

(3) Single-lobed hyperboloid (x 2 /a 2 )+(y 2 /b 2 )-(z 2 /c 2 )=1
If cut perpendicular to the z-axis, the surface is an ellipse, and if cut on a plane including the z-axis, the surface is a hyperbola. As one moves away from the origin, one approaches (2) infinitely, so (2) is called the asymptotic surface of this surface. This surface is also a ruled surface. When a=b, the area near the constriction resembles a drum, forming a surface of revolution around the z-axis. This is called a rotated one-sheet hyperboloid.

(4) Bilobal hyperboloid (x 2 /a 2 )+(y 2 /b 2 )-(z 2 /c 2 )=-1
If you cut the surface perpendicular to the z-axis, it will be an ellipse, and if you cut it in a plane that includes the z-axis, it will be a hyperbola. As this surface moves away from the origin, it also approaches (2) infinitesimally, so (2) is also an asymptotic surface.

(5) Elliptic paraboloid (x 2 /a 2 )+(y 2 /b 2 )=2z
When cut perpendicular to the z-axis, the cut is an ellipse, and when cut on a plane including the z-axis, the cut is a parabola. When a=b, it is a surface of revolution around the z-axis, and is called a paraboloid of revolution.

(6) Hyperbolic paraboloid ( x2 / a2 )-( y2 / b2 )=2z
Near the origin, the surface is ruled, resembling a saddle or a pass. If cut perpendicular to the z axis, the cut is a hyperbola or a straight line, and if cut parallel to the z axis, the cut is a parabola or a straight line.

(7) Cylinder A surface formed by a set of straight lines that pass through a quadratic curve in the xy plane and are perpendicular to the xy plane. There are four types: a circular cylinder ( x2 / a2 )+( y2 / a2 )=1, an elliptic cylinder ( x2 / a2 )+( y2 / b2 )=1, a hyperbolic cylinder ( x2 / a2 )+( y2 / b2 )=1, and a parabolic cylinder ( x2 / a2 )=2y. Of these, only the cylinder is a surface of revolution.

[Ryoichi Takagi]

[Reference item] | Ruled surface
Quadratic surface (ellipse)
©Shogakukan ">

Quadratic surfaces (ellipsoids)

Quadratic surface (quadratic pyramidal surface)
©Shogakukan ">

Quadratic surface (quadratic pyramidal surface)

Quadratic surface (unilobal hyperboloid)
©Shogakukan ">

Quadratic surface (unilobal hyperboloid)

Quadratic surface (bilobal hyperboloid)
©Shogakukan ">

Quadratic surface (bilobal hyperboloid)

Quadratic surface (elliptic paraboloid)
©Shogakukan ">

Quadratic surface (elliptic paraboloid)

Quadratic surface (hyperbolic paraboloid)
©Shogakukan ">

Quadratic surface (hyperbolic paraboloid)

Quadratic surface (cylinder)
©Shogakukan ">

Quadratic surface (cylinder)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

空間の直交座標x、y、zの間の二次方程式
 ax2+by2+cz2+2fyz+2gzx+2hxy
   +2lx+2my+2nz+d=0
で表される曲面を二次曲面という。座標系を適当に平行移動したり回転移動したりすれば、二次曲面は以下の七つの標準形のいずれかになる(ただし、以下のa、b、cは原式のものとは異なる)。

(1)楕円面(だえんめん)
 (x2/a2)+(y2/b2)+(z2/c2)=1
どの平面で切っても切り口は楕円である。また、この二次曲面だけは有限の範囲に収まっている。a=bのとき、ラグビーボールまたは円盤に似た形で、z軸の周りの回転面となる。これを回転楕円面という。a=b=cのときは半径aの球面となる。

(2)二次錐面(すいめん)
 (x2/a2)+(y2/b2)-(z2/c2)=0
z軸に垂直に切ると切り口はすべて楕円である。原点を通る平面で切ると切り口はすべて2本の直線となるから、線織面(せんしきめん)である。ここで線織面とは、ある直線群が織り成す曲面をいう。

(3)一葉双曲面
 (x2/a2)+(y2/b2)-(z2/c2)=1
z軸に垂直に切ると切り口は楕円で、z軸を含む平面で切ると切り口は双曲線である。原点から遠ざかるにつれて(2)に限りなく近づいていくので、(2)をこの曲面の漸近面(ぜんきんめん)という。またこの曲面は線織面である。a=bのとき、くびれたところの近くは鼓(つづみ)に似た形で、z軸の周りの回転面となる。これを回転一葉双曲面という。

(4)二葉双曲面
 (x2/a2)+(y2/b2)-(z2/c2)=-1
z軸に垂直に切ると切り口は楕円で、z軸を含む平面で切ると切り口は双曲線である。この曲面も原点から遠ざかるにつれて(2)に限りなく近づくので、やはり(2)が漸近面となる。

(5)楕円放物面
 (x2/a2)+(y2/b2)=2z
z軸に垂直に切ると切り口は楕円で、z軸を含む平面で切ると切り口は放物線である。a=bのとき、z軸の周りの回転面で、回転放物面という。

(6)双曲放物面
 (x2/a2)-(y2/b2)=2z
原点の近くは馬の鞍(くら)とか峠に似た形で、線織面である。z軸に垂直に切ると切り口は双曲線または直線で、z軸に平行に切ると切り口は放物線または直線である。

(7)柱面 xy平面のある二次曲線を通りxy平面に垂直な直線群が織り成す曲面である。円柱(x2/a2)+(y2/a2)=1と、楕円柱面(x2/a2)+(y2/b2)=1と、双曲柱面(x2/a2)+(y2/b2)=1と、放物柱面(x2/a2)=2yの四種類であるが、このうち円柱だけが回転面である。

[高木亮一]

[参照項目] | 線織面
二次曲面(楕円面)
©Shogakukan">

二次曲面(楕円面)

二次曲面(二次錐面)
©Shogakukan">

二次曲面(二次錐面)

二次曲面(一葉双曲面)
©Shogakukan">

二次曲面(一葉双曲面)

二次曲面(二葉双曲面)
©Shogakukan">

二次曲面(二葉双曲面)

二次曲面(楕円放物面)
©Shogakukan">

二次曲面(楕円放物面)

二次曲面(双曲放物面)
©Shogakukan">

二次曲面(双曲放物面)

二次曲面(柱面)
©Shogakukan">

二次曲面(柱面)


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