Concept/Definition: Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium itself. The etiology can include infection, chemicals, physical stimuli, and collagen disease, but the cause is often unknown. Clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic to cardiogenic shock, and can result in heart failure, arrhythmia, and sudden death. It is thought that if the condition progresses chronically, it will progress over the long term to dilated cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, it can also present with regional wall motion abnormalities similar to acute myocardial infarction, ventricular aneurysms, and right ventricular hypoplasia. Etiology The cause of myocarditis is mostly infectious disease, and it is known to be caused by viruses, rickettsia, fungi, parasites, etc., but it is thought that most cases of myocarditis in Europe, the United States, and Japan are caused by viruses. Most viruses that cause viral myocarditis are RNA viruses, and among the picornavirus group, enteroviruses, especially coxsackieviruses, have been thought to be the most frequent cause of viral myocarditis (Table 5-13-3). However, only a few of these viruses have been isolated from the heart, and most have been diagnosed by serological diagnosis or virus isolation from sources other than the heart, with few direct proof being provided. According to the WHO Global Surveillance of Viral Diseases Program, the most common viral infection associated with heart disease is the coxsackie B virus, followed by influenza virus. Our research has revealed that hepatitis C virus is an important cause of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Epidemiology: In a study of 40,000 general autopsies in the United States, myocarditis was found in 1,402 cases. Of these, viral diseases were suspected in 76 cases, but the presence of myocarditis was not considered clinically in most cases, indicating that myocarditis often progresses without symptoms. In a study of 90 cases of sudden death of unknown cause, myocarditis was found in 17%. In the UK, heart disease was seen in 5% of cases of Coxsackie B5 virus infection epidemic, while in reports of acute myocarditis from around the world, the proportion of cases thought to be caused by Coxsackievirus varies greatly, ranging from 3% to 78%. When the viral genes were examined in biopsy tissue using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, a relationship was suggested between acute myocarditis in children and enteroviruses such as Coxsackievirus, but the relationship is considered to be low in adult dilated cardiomyopathy. During the recent H1N1 influenza epidemic, various cardiac symptoms, including pericarditis and fulminant myocarditis, were reported. Clinical symptoms: ① This disease should be considered when sudden onset of arrhythmia, conduction disorder, or heart failure, or cardiac abnormalities following cold-like symptoms are observed. ② The initial symptoms are often upper respiratory tract infection or gastrointestinal symptoms. ③ Cardiac abnormalities are often overlooked when systemic symptoms such as fever, muscle pain, and headache are prominent. ④ Symptoms include cardiac hypertrophy, enlargement, decreased pulse pressure, decreased blood pressure, mitral regurgitation, jugular venous distension, galloping rhythm, pulsus alternans, hepatomegaly, and edema. ⑤ Pericardial rub is often heard. ⑥ Pulmonary embolism, systemic embolism, and shock have also been reported. It is not uncommon for the condition to be mistaken for ischemic heart disease. Test results 1) Chest X-ray: The cardiac shadow becomes enlarged due to enlargement of the ventricular cavity or pericardial effusion (Figure 5-13-30). Pulmonary interstitial edema, and distension of the superior vena cava and azygos vein may also be seen. 2) Electrocardiogram: Nonspecific ST-T changes are most common. Diffuse ST elevation, abnormal Q waves, and low voltage may also be seen. It is important to obtain repeated ECGs over time. Transient second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, sinus tachycardia, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias are commonly seen (Figure 5-13-31). 3) Blood biochemistry: Mild to moderate increases in white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum enzyme levels (AST, LDH, CPK, MB-CK), and cardiac troponin T are observed. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) are useful markers of heart failure with high detection sensitivity. 4) Echocardiogram: Not only is there diffuse wall motion depression, but transient septal hypertrophy and localized abnormalities are also observed. Pericardial effusion and intraventricular thrombus formation may also be seen (Figure 5-13-32). 5) Nuclear medicine examination: Positive images are seen in 67 Ga scintigraphy and 99m Tc-pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy, but the positive rate is low. Myocardial scintigraphy is useful for diagnosing the localization of myocardial damage and is helpful in differentiating it from ischemic heart disease. 6) MRI examination: Contrast-enhanced MRI may reveal images reflecting inflammation. 7) Virological testing: PCR is used to attempt to detect the viral genome from myocardial biopsy specimens. If resident virus is detected, the results must be interpreted with caution. Antiviral antibody tests are performed to diagnose the pathogen when a significant increase in antibody titer (usually fourfold or more) is found in paired sera from the acute and convalescent phases, but this is only indirect evidence. Diagnosis (Table 5-13-4) 1) Histopathological diagnosis by myocardial biopsy is the only definitive method for diagnosing acute myocarditis. 2) The earlier a myocardial biopsy is performed, the higher the positive rate. 3) The presence of myocardial cell degeneration and necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration are findings that suggest active myocarditis (Figure 5-13-33). 4) When caused by hepatitis C virus, cellular infiltration is often mild. Differential diagnosis 1. Differentiation from acute myocardial infarction: The chest pain seen in acute myocarditis is due to accompanying pericarditis and is milder than that of acute myocardial infarction, and unlike the latter, it often changes with position. 2. AST, LDH, CPK (CK-MB), cardiac troponin T, etc. usually have lower peak values and decrease more slowly than in acute myocardial infarction. Differentiation from acute myocardial infarction is performed by coronary angiography. Course and prognosis: 1) In cases of rapidly progressing heart failure, the prognosis is poor, and careful observation of cardiac function is necessary. 2) Coexistence of severe arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia can lead to sudden death and is associated with a poor prognosis. 3) Deterioration of cardiac function may persist and progress to a condition similar to dilated cardiomyopathy, so cardiac function should be continually monitored using echocardiograms, etc. 4) Thrombosis and embolism may occur. Treatment 1) General treatment: It has been suggested that exercise stress, oxygen deficiency, and malnutrition can worsen myocarditis, so it is important to keep at rest and take in sufficient oxygen and nutrients. 2) Heart failure: If left heart failure is present, diuretics and ACE inhibitors or angiotensin I Administer an I receptor antagonist. Caution is required when using digitalis as it may worsen arrhythmia. 3) Fulminant myocarditis: When severe heart failure occurs and the patient goes into shock due to low cardiac output, inotropes are administered. If these therapies do not result in recovery from the low cardiac output, intra-aortic balloon pumping, percutaneous cardiopulmonary support devices, or ventricular assist devices are used. There are many cases where patients recover if they can survive the acute phase. 4) Arrhythmia: The sudden appearance of ventricular arrhythmias or atrioventricular block can be life-threatening, and in the acute phase, patients require management in an ICU or CCU and monitoring with an electrocardiogram monitor. Complete atrioventricular block is often transient, so temporary pacing is performed. Antiarrhythmic drugs are administered for ventricular arrhythmias, but an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator may also be required. 5) Anticoagulants: Because of the risk of thromboembolism, adequate anticoagulation therapy is necessary in patients with congestive heart failure. 6) Immunosuppressant therapy: Immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone or cyclosporine or administration of immunoglobulin has been attempted for chronic active myocarditis, but results of large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated that these therapies are no different from control groups in improving cardiac function or long-term prognosis. 7) Antiviral therapy: Experimental studies have demonstrated the usefulness of the antiviral drugs ribavirin and interferon, and because combination therapy of these drugs is effective against hepatitis C virus infection, it is believed that the day will soon come when these drugs can be used to treat myocarditis. [Akira Matsumori] Causative viruses of viral myocarditis Table 5-13-3 "Guideline for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis (Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Circulation Journal, 68 (suppl IV): 1231, 2004)" "> Table 5-13-4 Electrocardiogram in Acute Myocarditis Figure 5-13-31 Source : Internal Medicine, 10th Edition About Internal Medicine, 10th Edition Information |
概念・定義 心筋炎は,心筋自体の炎症疾患である.病因としては感染,化学物質,物理的刺激,膠原病などが関与するが,不明の場合も少なくない.臨床像は無症状から心原性ショックに至るまで多彩であり,心不全,不整脈,突然死をきたすこともある.慢性に経過した場合,長期の経過をたどり拡張型心筋症に進むことが考えられてきた.さらに,急性心筋梗塞類似の局所壁運動異常,心室瘤や右室形成不全を呈することもある. 病因 心筋炎の病因は感染症が大半を占め,ウイルス・リケッチア・真菌・寄生虫などによって起こることが知られているが,欧米や日本における心筋炎の多くはウイルスによると考えられている.ウイルス性心筋炎の原因ウイルスはRNAウイルスが多く,ピコルナウイルス群のなかでもエンテロウイルス,特にコクサッキーウイルスは,ウイルス性心筋炎をきたす最も頻度の高い原因と考えられてきた(表5-13-3).しかし,これらのウイルスのなかで心臓から分離されたものはごく少数で,通常,血清学的診断や,心臓以外からのウイルス分離により診断されたものが多く,直接的な証明が行われたものは少ない.WHOによるウイルス性疾患プログラムのグローバルサーベイランスによれば,心疾患と関連するウイルス性感染症はコクサッキーBウイルスが最も頻度が高く,インフルエンザウイルスが次に多い.筆者らの研究により,心筋炎および心筋症の原因としてC型肝炎ウイルスが重要であることが明らかになった. 疫学 米国での4万例の一般剖検例の検討では1402例に心筋炎がみられた.このうち76例でウイルス性疾患が疑われたが,そのほとんどの例は臨床的に心筋炎の存在が考えられていなかったことは,心筋炎は無症状に経過するものが多いことを示している.また,原因不明の突然死90例の調査では,17%に心筋炎が発見されている.イギリスでのコクサッキーB5ウイルス感染の流行では心疾患は5%にみられ,世界各国の急性心筋炎の報告でコクサッキーウイルスが原因と考えられたものは3~78%と大きな差が認められている.ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)法により,生検組織中でのウイルス遺伝子を調べた結果では,小児の急性心筋炎ではコクサッキーウイルスなどのエンテロウイルスとの関連が示唆されたが,成人の拡張型心筋症では関連性は低いとされている. 近年のH1N1インフルエンザ流行時に,心膜炎,劇症心筋炎など種々の心症状が報告された. 臨床症状 ①突然の不整脈,伝導障害,心不全の発症や,感冒様症状に続く心異常をみた場合,本症を考える.②上気道感染症状や消化器症状を初発症状とすることが多い.③発熱,筋肉痛,頭痛など全身症状が強く前面に出ている場合は,心異常が見逃されることも多い.④心肥大,心拡大,脈圧の減少,血圧低下,僧帽弁閉鎖不全,頸静脈怒張,奔馬調律,交互脈,肝腫大,浮腫などがみられる.⑤心膜摩擦音をしばしば聴取する.⑥肺塞栓,全身性塞栓症,ショックに陥る例もある.虚血性心疾患と誤ることもまれではない. 検査成績 1)胸部X線: 心室腔の拡大または心膜液貯留により心陰影は拡大する(図5-13-30).肺の間質性浮腫,上大静脈,奇静脈の怒張をみることもある. 2)心電図: 非特異的なST-T変化が最も多い.広汎なST上昇,異常Q波,低電位がみられることもある.経過を追って繰り返し心電図をとることが重要である.一過性の第2度または第3度の房室ブロックや,洞性頻脈,心房性および心室性不整脈がみられることが多い(図5-13-31). 3)血液生化学: 軽度ないし中程度の白血球の増加,赤沈値の亢進,血清酵素値(AST,LDH,CPK,MB-CK),心筋トロポニンTの上昇がみられる. 心不全のマーカーとしての脳性ナトリウム利尿ペプチド(BNP),N末端プロBNP(NT-proBNP)は検出感度が高く有用である. 4)心エコー図検査: びまん性の壁運動の低下のみならず,一過性の中隔の肥大や局所的な異常もみられる.心膜液の貯留,心室内血栓形成をみることもある(図5-13-32). 5)核医学検査: 67Gaシンチグラフィ,99mTc-ピロリン酸心筋シンチグラフィで陽性像がみられるが陽性率は低い.201Tl 心筋シンチグラフィは心筋傷害の局在の診断に有用で虚血性心疾患との鑑別に役立つ. 6)MRI検査: 造影MRI検査では炎症を反映した画像がみられることがある. 7)ウイルス学的検査: PCR法により,心筋生検標本からウイルスゲノム検出を試みる.常在ウイルスを検出した場合,結果は慎重に検討する必要がある.抗ウイルス抗体検査は,急性期と回復期のペア血清で,抗体価の有意な上昇(通常4倍以上)をもって病原診断をするが間接的な証拠にすぎない. 診断 (表5-13-4)①心筋生検による病理組織診断が急性心筋炎の唯一の確定診断法である.②心筋生検は早期に行うほど陽性率は高い.③心筋細胞の変性,壊死とリンパ球浸潤の存在が活動性の心筋炎を示唆する所見である(図5-13-33).④C型肝炎ウイルスによる場合は細胞浸潤は軽度であることが多い. 鑑別診断 ①急性心筋梗塞の鑑別:急性心筋炎にみられる胸痛は合併した心膜炎によるもので,急性心筋梗塞の胸痛に比べ軽度であり,後者と異なり体位で変化することが多い.②AST,LDH,CPK(CK-MB),心筋トロポニンTなどは急性心筋梗塞に比べると通常最高値が低く,低下するのが緩徐である.冠動脈造影により急性心筋梗塞と鑑別する. 経過・予後 ①急速に進行する心不全がある場合は予後不良であり,心機能の注意深い観察が必要である.②心室頻拍など重症不整脈の合併は突然死につながり予後不良である.③心機能低下が持続し拡張型心筋症類似の病像へと進展することがあり,心エコー図などで心機能を継続的に観察する.④血栓・塞栓症が合併することがある. 治療 1)一般療法: 運動負荷,酸素欠乏,栄養不良は心筋炎を悪化することが示唆され,安静を保ち,十分な酸素と栄養を摂取することが重要である. 2)心不全: 左心不全がある場合,利尿薬およびACE阻害薬またはアンジオテンシンI I受容体拮抗薬を投与する.ジギタリスは不整脈を悪化することがあり注意を要する. 3)劇症心筋炎: 重症心不全となり低拍出心でショック状態に陥った場合,強心薬を投薬する. これらの療法でも低拍出状態から回復しなければ大動脈内バルーンパンピング,経皮的心肺補助装置,補助人工心臓を用いる.急性期を乗り切れば回復する例も少なくない. 4)不整脈: 心室性不整脈や房室ブロックの突然の出現は生命にかかわることがあり,急性期はICU,CCUでの管理や心電図モニターなどによる監視が必要である.完全房室ブロックでは一過性であることが多いため,一時的ペーシングを行う.心室性不整脈に対しては抗不整脈薬を投薬するが,植え込み型除細動器を必要とする場合もある. 5)抗凝固薬: 血栓塞栓症が合併する危険があるため,うっ血性心不全のある場合は十分な抗凝固療法を行う必要がある. 6)免疫抑制療法: 慢性活動性心筋炎に対するプレドニゾロン,シクロスポリンによる免疫抑制療法や免疫グロブリン投与が試みられることがあるが,大規模臨床試験の結果これらの療法による心機能や長期予後の改善効果は対照群と差がないことが明らかにされた. 7)抗ウイルス療法: 実験的研究により抗ウイルス薬リバビリンやインターフェロンの有用性が明らかとなり,また,C型肝炎ウイルス感染に対してこれらの併用療法が有効であることから,今後心筋炎の治療に応用できる日も近いと思われる.[松森 昭] ウイルス性心筋炎の病因ウイルス"> 表5-13-3 "急性心筋炎診断の手引(循環器病の診断と治療に関するガイドライン.Circulation Journal, 68(supplⅣ ): 1231, 2004)""> 表5-13-4 急性心筋炎の心電図"> 図5-13-31 出典 内科学 第10版内科学 第10版について 情報 |
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