Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Japanese: 新疆ウイグル自治区 - しんきょうウイグルじちく

An ethnic autonomous region in northwest China. It borders Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Its capital is Urumqi. The Tianshan Mountains run east to west in the center, dividing the region into two regions, Southern Xinjiang and Northern Xinjiang. Southern Xinjiang is centered on the Tarim Basin, with oasis cities lined up from east to west on the north and south sides. Northern Xinjiang is centered on the Junggar Basin (Dzungaria), and a major transportation line runs east to west on its southern edge to central China. Most of the rivers are inland. The climate is typical of an inland climate. Transportation is mainly by road, with the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway (Lanzhou-Urumqi) and the Southern Xinjiang Railway (Turfan-Korle) being examples. In addition to wheat, rice, cotton, fruit, timber, and livestock products, the region is rich in underground resources such as gold, silver, iron, oil, and coal. In particular, oil and natural gas reserves are each said to account for 30% of China's total reserves, and China has developed a quasi-military government organization called the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, which is responsible for economic and military development as well as general administrative and judicial affairs. Construction of huge facilities such as crude oil refining, pipeline construction, power transmission line construction, and oil complexes is underway, making Xinjiang the most important economic base for China, which continues to grow. In terms of ethnic composition, the Uighurs (Weiwuer ethnic group) make up 47% of the total population (1991; 76% in 1949), followed by Han Chinese at about 38%, and other minority groups such as Kazakhs, Hui, Mongolians, Manchus, Oroz (Russians), Kirghiz, Sibo (Sinbo), Tajiks, and Uzbeks. In this autonomous region, which was established in 1955 as the second autonomous region in China, ethnic issues carry great weight, along with the Tibet Autonomous Region, which was established last in 1965. The influx of large numbers of Han Chinese, coupled with the problem of disparity between the Han Chinese and the Uighurs, led to a growing movement for independence, mainly among the Uighurs. Those who advocate independence dislike the name Xinjiang and use the name "East Turkestan". The main factors are the increasing proportion of Han Chinese in the ethnic composition, the widening disparity under the reform and opening-up policy, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of neighboring ethnic nations in Central Asia, and the influence of Islam, such as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement. The Chinese government has strengthened restrictions and oppression of the Uighurs, accusing them of being the work of extremist groups in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, such as the Tiananmen Square car bombing in November 2013 and the indiscriminate violence at Kunming Station in March 2014, but the details are unclear as the Chinese authorities have not disclosed the actual situation. In March 2015, the Communist Party Committee of the Xinjiang region announced that it had arrested a group that had returned to China after participating in combat with the Islamic extremist group IS, and expressed concern that some Islamic extremists in Xinjiang, such as Uighur separatists, were joining IS. 1,646,800 ^km2 . 22.26 million people (2014). →Xinjiang → Related topics Central Asia | People's Republic of China | Dungan | Turkistan | East Turkistan Islamic Movement

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

中国北西部の民族自治区。モンゴル，ロシア，カザフスタン，キルギス，タジキスタン，アフガニスタン，パキスタン，インドに接する。主都はウルムチ。中央に天山山脈が東西に連なり，南疆，北疆に２分する。南疆はタリム盆地を中心に，その南北にオアシス都市が東西に並ぶ。北疆はジュンガル盆地（ジュンガリア）を中心に，その南縁に中国中央部との交通幹線が東西に走る。河川はほとんど内陸河である。気候は典型的内陸性気候。交通は自動車道路を主とし，蘭新鉄路（蘭州〜ウルムチ），南疆鉄路（トゥルファン〜クルレ）などがある。小麦，水稲，綿花，果物，木材，畜産品などのほか，金，銀，鉄，石油，石炭などの地下資源が豊富。特に石油と天然ガスはそれぞれ，中国全体の埋蔵量の３割とされ，中国は新疆生産建設兵団という準軍事的政府組織を展開し，経済・軍事開発をはじめ行政・司法の全般を担わせた。原油精製やパイプライン敷設，送電線建設，石油コンビナートなどの巨大設備建設が進んでおり，成長を続ける中国にとって最重要の経済拠点である。民族構成はウイグル族（維吾爾族）が総人口の47％余（1991年。1949年には76％。）を占め，漢族約38％が次ぎ，そのほかカザフ族，回族，モンゴル族，満族，オロス族（ロシア人），キルギス族，シボ（錫伯）族，タジク族，ウズベク族などの少数民族が居住する。1955年に中国で２番目に成立したこの自治区では，最も遅れて1965年に成立したチベット自治区とともに民族問題が大きな重みをもっている。漢族の大量の流入が相次ぎ，漢族との格差問題なども加わり，ウイグル族を中心に分離独立を求める動きが活発化することになった。分離独立を主張する人々は，新疆という呼称を嫌い〈東トルキスタン〉という呼称を用いている。民族構成における漢族の比重の増大，改革・開放政策のもとでの格差拡大，ソ連崩壊と中央アジアの隣接する民族国家の独立，東トルキスタンイスラム運動などイスラムの影響力が主たる要因である。2013年11月の天安門自動車爆破事件や2014年３月の昆明駅無差別暴力事件などを中国政府は新疆ウイグル自治区の過激派組織によるものとしてウイグル族への規制・弾圧を強めているが，中国当局が実体を開示していないため詳細は不明である。2015年３月，同区共産党委員会は，イスラム過激派組織ISの戦闘に参加した後，中国に戻ったグループを摘発したと発表，ウイグル独立派など新疆のイスラム過激派の一部がISに参加していると懸念を示した。164万6800km²。2226万人（2014）。→新疆
→関連項目中央アジア｜中華人民共和国｜ドゥンガン｜トルキスタン｜東トルキスタンイスラム運動

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