A general term for fish that live in the ocean or on the seabed at depths of about 200 meters or deeper. It includes many groups such as hagfish, six-spotted dogfish, skates, chimaera, eels, crocodiformes, myctophiformes, cod, anglerfish, alfonsinoformes, and perciformes, with over 2,000 species. In particular, fish from the order Scyphomorpha, Cetacea, and suborder Anserinidae only live in the deep sea. The deep sea is dark because almost no sunlight reaches it, and the water pressure is high, the temperature is low, and there is little food. Deep-sea fish have adapted to this environment to feed and reproduce, and many of them are very distinctive. In order to see in the dim light, the eyes of the giant buffalo, the spotted buffalo, and the silver scorpionfish are large. On the other hand, the eyes of the narrow-toed whalefish and the spotted jack have extremely small eyes, and the naked fish, which lives at depths of more than 1,500 meters, has no eyes at all. Other fish include those in the family Pectiniidae, such as the bow-eye fish, which have telescope-like eyes, the tengan-mune-fish with upward-facing eyes, and the pectiniidae that can turn from front to top. Light-emitting organs are particularly well developed in deep-sea fish. In myctophis and crocodile fish, pearl-like light-emitting organs are arranged on the surface of the body, which are used by fish to recognize each other or between males and females, and to hide the outline of the body. These lights, as well as the light on the ventral surface of sharks such as the white whale and the lantern shark, are caused by autofluorescence, while the esca (lure) of anglerfish and the light of cod are caused by other-light-emitting organs that glow due to symbiotic bacteria. In addition, the esca at the tip of the attractant protuberance (rod) behind the mouth of anglerfish and the light organ at the tip of the baleen of crocodile fish serve to attract prey and ensure their capture. Their large mouths have developed to reliably capture small amounts of prey. Owl eels capture their prey with a mouth that is 7 to 10 times larger than their skull. Fish in the family Acanthidae have large mouths, but their lower jaws are made of bone only, with no skin, so they reduce water resistance when they close their mouths. They have strong, long teeth at the tips of their lower jaws, which allows them to use their mouths like claws to capture prey. In the ocean, one atmosphere of pressure is added for every 10 meters of depth, so deep-sea fish are constantly under great water pressure. To withstand this, deep-sea fish have loose skin and skeletal structures, allowing the surrounding seawater to easily penetrate into their bodies and balance the internal and external pressures. Fish from the Lumpsuidae and Scutigeridae families have soft bodies and degenerate skeletons. Their reproductive ecology in the dark depths of the ocean is unique. Females of anglerfish are significantly larger, but males are extremely small. During the breeding season, males attach themselves to females to increase their reproductive success. In the case of the long-tailed anglerfish, the male is completely attached to the female, and receives nutrition from her. Members of the family Amphipodidae change sex from male to female. Because food is scarce, they first mature as males, which require less energy, and later become large-bodied females. This is also used to maintain a balance in the sex ratio. There are many edible deep-sea fish that live between 700 and 1000 meters. Red sea bream, yellowtail amberjack, sea bream, rockfish, rock porgy, amberjack, flounder, and black fin sea bream are also valuable commercial products. Although small in size, lanternfish, Japanese quail, and greenflyfish have good meat and are used in stews, dried fish, and paste products, while cod, especially pollock, Pacific cod, and hake, are widely eaten around the world. In Japan, pollock is very important as a raw material for various paste products such as kamaboko. In addition, the liver oil of deep-sea sharks such as the dogfish, squalene, and broad-toothed shark contains a large amount of squalene, which is used in cosmetics and health foods, and is also prized as a lubricant for precision instruments and aviation because it does not freeze at extremely low temperatures. Furthermore, due to a general decline in fish resources, the development of deep-sea fishing grounds and research into deep-sea fish have become more active. [Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano, January 20, 2015] "Invitation to Deep Sea Biology" by Tsuyoshi Naganuma (1996, NHK Publishing)" ▽ "Illustrated Guide to Deep Sea Creatures" by Yuichi Kitamura (1998, Dobun Shoin)" ▽ "Deep Sea Fish: Monsters of the Underworld" by Kunio Amagioka (2009, Bookman Publishing)" ▽ "What are Deep Sea Fish? From Their Surprising Forms to Their Ecology and Uses" by Kunio Amagioka (2013, Bookman Publishing) [References] | | - | -finned | | | | |Rockfish|Fish| | | | | | |Japanese sea bass| | | |Striped | | |Hagfish|Sardine fish| | |Pallet | |Fuji | |Black |©Shogakukan "> Representative species of deep sea fish Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
水深200メートルぐらいからさらに深い海中や海底にすむ魚類の総称。ヌタウナギ類、カグラザメ類、ツノザメ類、ガンギエイ目、ギンザメ類、ウナギ目、ワニトカゲギス目、ハダカイワシ目、タラ目、アンコウ目、キンメダイ目、スズキ目など多くのグループが含まれ、その種類数は2000種以上ある。とくにソコギス目とクジラウオ目、チョウチンアンコウ亜目の魚類は深海だけに生息している。 深海は太陽光線がほとんど届かないため暗黒であり、高水圧、低水温で、しかも餌(えさ)が少ない。深海魚はそこに適応して摂餌(せつじ)、繁殖などを行うため、きわめて特徴的なものが多い。わずかな光でも視力を得るために、オオメマトウダイ、ソコマトウダイ、ギンサケイワシなどは目が大きくなっている。逆に、ホソミクジラウオ、イレズミコンニャクアジなどでは極端に小さい目になり、1500メートル以深に生息するチョウチンハダカでは完全に目がなくなっている。それ以外にデメニギス科の魚、ボウエンギョなどのように目が望遠鏡のようになった魚、上向眼をもったテンガンムネエソ、前方から上方に向きを変えることができるデメニギスもいる。 発光器は深海魚にとくによく発達している。ハダカイワシ類やワニトカゲギス類では真珠のような発光器が体表に配列し、仲間どうし、または雌雄間の認知に、また体の輪郭を消すために利用されている。これらの発光やフジクジラやカラスザメなどのサメ類の腹面の発光は自力発光器、チョウチンアンコウ類のエスカ(ルアー)、ソコダラ類などの発光は共生する細菌によって光る他力発光器によるものである。また、チョウチンアンコウ類の口の背方にある誘引突起(竿(さお))の先端にあるエスカや、ワニトカゲギス類のひげの先端の発光器は、獲物を誘引して確実に捕食する働きをしている。 大きな口は、少ない獲物を確実にとらえるために発達している。フクロウナギは頭蓋骨(とうがいこつ)の7~10倍の大きな口で、獲物をとらえる。ホウキボシエソ科の魚は大口であるが、下あごは骨だけで、皮膚はないので、口を閉じるとき水の抵抗を少なくする。下あごの先端に強くて長い歯をもっているので、口をとらばさみのようにして獲物をとらえることができる。 海では深さが10メートル増すごとに1気圧が加わるので、深海魚はつねに大きな水圧を受ける。これに耐えるため、深海魚では皮膚や骨格の構造が疎となり、周囲の海水が容易に体内に入り込んで、内外の圧力がつり合うようになっている。クサウオ科やウラナイカジカ科の魚は体がぶよぶよし、骨格は退化的である。 暗黒の深海での繁殖生態は特異である。チョウチンアンコウの仲間は雌が著しく大きいが、雄はきわめて小さい。繁殖期には雄は雌に付着して繁殖の成功率を高めている。ミツクリエナガチョウチンアンコウは雄が雌と完全に癒着し、雌から栄養の供給を受ける。ヨコエソ科の仲間は雄から雌に性転換する。餌が少ないので最初はエネルギーが少なくてすむ雄として成熟し、後に大きな体の雌になる。また性比のバランスを保つのにも使われる。 深海魚のうち700~1000メートルの間にすむものは、食用となるものが相当にある。キンメダイ、チカメキントキ、ハマダイ、ムツ、キチジ、アコウダイ、バラメヌケ、ババガレイ、ヒレグロなどは商品としても価値が高い。ハダカイワシ類、ニギス、アオメエソ類はいずれも小形ではあるが、肉質がよくて煮物、干物、練り製品にされ、タラ類、とくにスケトウダラ、マダラ、メルルーサは世界各地で広く食用にされる。日本ではスケトウダラはかまぼこをはじめ各種の練り製品の原料として非常に重要である。また、ツノザメ、アイザメ、ビロウドザメなどの深海ザメの肝臓油は、スクアレンを多量に含むが、このスクアレンは化粧品や健康食品に、また、極低温で凍らないため精密機器、航空用などの潤滑油として珍重されている。なお、全般的に魚類資源が減少しているため、深海漁場の開発や深海魚の研究が盛んになってきている。 [落合 明・尼岡邦夫 2015年1月20日] 『長沼毅著『深海生物学への招待』(1996・日本放送出版協会)』▽『北村雄一著『深海生物図鑑』(1998・同文書院)』▽『尼岡邦夫著『深海魚 暗黒街のモンスターたち』(2009・ブックマン社)』▽『尼岡邦夫著『深海魚ってどんな魚――驚きの形態から生態、利用』(2013・ブックマン社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 深海魚の代表種 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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