French politician. Leader of the international socialist movement. Born on September 3rd in Castres, Tarn, southern France, as the eldest son of a middle-class family, he studied philosophy at the École Normale in Paris. After serving as a professor of philosophy at the Lycée in Albi (1881-1883) and a full-time lecturer at the University of Toulouse (1883-1885), he was elected from Tarn in the general election of 1885 and belonged to the center-left in the National Assembly. He lost the general election of 1889 and temporarily returned to the university. In 1892, he was awarded a doctorate in philosophy with two theses, "On the Reality of the Sensible World" and "The Origins of German Socialism in Luther, Kant, Fichte, and Hegel". He ran as a socialist in the 1893 by-election for the National Assembly in the Carmaux constituency in Tarn and was elected. He served as a member of the National Assembly until his death, with only a brief interruption (1898-1902). As a socialist, he valued Marxism, but also placed importance on the role of idealism and humanitarianism, and advocated the synthesis of revolution and reform, which led to frequent debates with Guesde and Lafargue, who advocated strict Marxism. At the end of the century, during the Dreyfus affair, he not only urged socialists to make an effort to protect the human rights of the accused, but also clashed with Guesde and others who criticized Millerand from a class standpoint in the great debate that ensued when the socialist Millerand joined the Waldeck-Rousseau cabinet, which was formed in 1899 in the midst of the affair. However, when the Second International supported Guesde and others in this so-called "Milland affair," he submitted to that decision and participated in the unification of the Socialist Party in 1905. During this time, he founded the newspaper "Humanité" in 1904, and served as its editor-in-chief until his death by assassination. Amid the intensifying international tensions prior to World War I, he appealed for German-French reconciliation as one of the leaders of the Second International and made efforts to maintain peace, but on July 31, 1914, he was shot dead by a right-wing fanatic in a Paris cafe. He left behind many works, but his greatest work, "A Socialistic History of the French Revolution" (1901-1908), is highly regarded by experts as having set the precedent for research into the social and economic history of the French Revolution. A memorial museum is located in the town hall of Castres, where he was born. [Tetsuya Hirase] "Jean Jaurès: A Blood-Stained Image of Peace" by Hanji Kinoshita (1963, Seibundo Shinkosha) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの政治家。国際社会主義運動の指導者。南フランス、タルン県のカストルに9月3日中流階級の長男として生まれ、パリのエコール・ノルマルで哲学を学んだ。アルビの高等中学校(リセ)の哲学教授(1881~1883)、トゥールーズ大学専任講師(1883~1885)ののち、1885年の総選挙でタルン県から選出され、下院では中央左派に属した。1889年の総選挙で落選し、一時大学に復帰。1892年、「感覚世界の実在について」と「ルター、カント、フィヒテ、ヘーゲルにおけるドイツ社会主義の起源」の正副2論文によって哲学博士となった。1893年の下院補欠選挙にタルン県カルモー選挙区から社会主義者として立候補し当選した。その後わずかの中断(1898~1902)を除いてその死まで下院議員を務めた。 社会主義者としての彼は、マルクス主義を評価しながらも理想主義、人道主義の役割をも重視し、革命と改良の総合を唱えたため、厳格なマルクス主義を主張するゲード、ラファルグらとしばしば論争した。彼は世紀末のドレフュス事件に際して、社会主義者も被告の人権擁護に尽力するよう主張したばかりでなく、事件の渦中の1899年に成立した共和政擁護のワルデック・ルソー内閣に社会主義者ミルランが入閣したため惹起(じゃっき)された大論争でも、階級的立場からミルランを非難するゲードらと対立した。だが、このいわゆる「ミルラン問題」で第二インターナショナルがゲードらを支持すると、その決定に服して1905年の社会党統一に参加した。この間、1904年『ユマニテ』紙を創刊し、暗殺による死までその主筆を務めた。第一次世界大戦に先だつ国際緊張の激化のなかで彼は第二インターナショナルの指導者の一人として独仏和解を訴えて平和維持の努力を傾けたが、1914年7月31日パリのカフェーで右翼狂信者の銃弾に倒れた。多くの著作を残したが、なかでも大著『フランス革命の社会主義的歴史』(1901~1908)はフランス革命の社会経済史研究に先鞭(せんべん)をつけたものとして専門家に高く評価されている。生地カストルの市庁舎内に記念館がある。 [平瀬徹也] 『木下半治著『ジャン・ジョレス――血ぬられた平和像』(1963・誠文堂新光社)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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