Contemplation of the Buddha of Immeasurable Life - Kanmuriyojukyo

Japanese: 観無量寿経 - かんむりょうじゅきょう
Contemplation of the Buddha of Immeasurable Life - Kanmuriyojukyo

The fundamental scripture of Pure Land Buddhism. 1 volume. It is counted as one of the "Three Pure Land Sutras" along with the "Amitabha Sutra" and the "Amida Sutra" and is abbreviated as the "Kankyo Sutra". It is said to have been translated in China by Kālayāsha (Kālayāshas) around 424-442, but there is no original Sanskrit text, no Tibetan translation, and no other Chinese translations. However, there are fragments of a Uighur translation, but this was retranslated from the Chinese translation. From these points, it is difficult to say that the "Kankyo Sutra" was compiled in India. Currently, there are two theories: one that the outline of this sutra was created in Central Asia and then translated into Chinese with Chinese elements added, and another that it was written in China using the Kanbo method created in Central Asia as material.

The content of this sutra is that, in response to a request from Vaidehi, Shakyamuni preached 13 types of meditation methods for contemplating Amida Buddha and the Western Pure Land, and further showed nine ways of being reborn in that Pure Land (nine stages of rebirth) in the form of three types of meditation methods, thereby promoting faith in rebirth in the Pure Land through a total of 16 meditation methods, following the tragic attempt by Prince Ajatashatru to kill his father, King Bimbisara (Bimbisara), and his mother, Queen Vaidehi, in Rajagriha, India. It was widely circulated in China during the Sui and Tang dynasties, and Zendo (613-681) in particular interpreted the main idea of ​​this sutra as preaching that ordinary people can attain rebirth in the Pure Land through chanting the name of Amida Buddha, which was inherited by Honen (Genku, 1133-1212) in Japan and had a great influence on the subsequent development of Pure Land Buddhism. In China and Japan, many Pure Land transformation diagrams were created based on the teachings of this sutra, and these are generally called Kangyōhen or Kangyō mandalas.

[Hirotaka Fujita]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

浄土教の根本聖典。1巻。『無量寿経』『阿弥陀(あみだ)経』とともに「浄土三部経」の一つに数えられ、『観経(かんぎょう)』と略称する。中国で424~442年ころ畺良耶舎(きょうりょうやしゃ)(カーラヤシャス)によって翻訳されたというが、サンスクリット原典がなく、チベット訳もなく、漢訳のなかでも他に異訳が存在しない。ただウイグル語訳断簡が現存しているが、これは漢訳から重訳されたものである。これらの点から、『観経』の成立については、インドで編纂(へんさん)されたとみることは困難である。現在、中央アジアでこの経典の大綱が成立し、中国的要素を加味して漢訳されたとみる説、あるいは中央アジアで成立した観法(かんぼう)を素材として中国で撰述(せんじゅつ)されたとみる説が行われている。

 本経の内容は、インドの王舎城(おうしゃじょう)(ラージャグリハ)において太子阿闍世(あじゃせ)(アジャータシャトル)が父王頻婆娑羅(びんばしゃら)(ビンビサーラ)と母后韋提希(いだいけ)(バイデーヒー)を殺害しようとした悲劇を機縁として、釈尊(しゃくそん)が韋提希の請いに応じて、阿弥陀仏と西方極楽浄土(さいほうごくらくじょうど)を観想するための13種の観法(かんぼう)を説き、さらにその浄土に生まれる9種のあり方(九品往生(くほんおうじょう))を3種の観法の形で示し、あわせて16の観法によって浄土往生信仰を高揚したものである。中国では隋(ずい)・唐(とう)代に広く流布し、とくに善導(ぜんどう)(613―681)が本経の主意を称名(しょうみょう)念仏による凡夫(ぼんぶ)の往生を説いたものと解釈し、これが日本の法然(ほうねん)(源空。1133―1212)に受け継がれて、その後の浄土教の展開に大きな影響を与えた。中国、日本では、本経の所説に基づいて浄土変相(へんそう)図も多く描かれ、それらは一般に観経変(かんぎょうへん)または観経曼荼羅(まんだら)とよばれている。

[藤田宏達]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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