Income security - income security

Japanese: 所得保障 - しょとくほしょう

The most important part of social security is to provide monetary benefits to ensure a certain standard of living for citizens when they are at risk of temporary or continuous interruption or loss of income due to social accidents such as illness, unemployment, work-related accidents, old age, and disability. The specific amount of benefits can be broadly divided into flat-rate benefits and wage (remuneration) proportional benefits. The former is intended to guarantee a minimum standard of living for each person in principle, and ensuring a higher standard of living is usually achieved through the use of private insurance. In contrast, the latter is a method of determining the amount of benefits based on the wage or remuneration earned by the insured person (usually the insured person), and can be said to be a method of income security that focuses on maintaining and securing the standard of living before the occurrence of the insured accident. Basic pension benefits under the National Pension Act in Japan are flat-rate benefits, and various benefits under the Employee's Pension Insurance Act and other laws are set in proportion to the insured person's wage income, but because the wage used as the basis for calculation is the average standard remuneration for the entire period the insured person was insured, the result is that the amount is significantly lower than the current wage level.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

国民が疾病，失業，労働災害，老齢，廃疾などの社会的事故によって所得の一時的，あるいは継続的な中断，ないし喪失の危険にさらされる場合に，国民に一定水準の生活を確保させるために金銭給付を行う社会保障の最も重要な部門。給付の額の具体的な決定に関しては，大きく分けて均一給付方式と賃金 (報酬) 比例方式がある。前者は原則として各人の最低生活水準を保障しようとするものであり，それ以上の生活水準の確保は通常私保険などの活用により行われるべきことになる。これに対し後者は，要保障者 (通常被保険者) が得ていた賃金，ないし報酬を基準に給付額を決定する方式であり，要保障事故発生前の生活水準の維持，確保に主眼をおいた所得保障の方式であるといえる。日本の国民年金法による基礎年金給付は均一給付方式をとり，厚生年金保険法などによる各種の給付は，被保障者の賃金所得に比例して定められているが，算定の基礎となる賃金が被保険者であった全期間の平均標準報酬であるため，現在の賃金水準と比べてかなり低くなるという結果がもたらされている。

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