A group of plants that capture, digest, and absorb insects and small animals to obtain nutrients. In Japan, about 20 species in 2 families and 4 genera are known. Carnivorous plants live an autotrophic life by photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation just like other plants, but many species can survive in acidic soil conditions lacking nitrogen, such as the Ozegahara Marsh. Carnivorous plants capture insects using a trap method (such as Drosera vegetans and Drosera gracilis), a trap method (such as Utricularia vegetans and Drosera gracilis), and a pitfall method (such as Pitcher plant; there are no species native to Japan). The trap method is to catch insects and other creatures using glandular hairs that secrete mucus on the surface and edges of the leaves. When a piece of egg white was experimentally attached to the long tentacles on the leaf edges of Drosera vegetans, they immediately began to bend and surround the prey. The center of the leaf also functions to transport prey. The mucus at the tips of the tentacles becomes acidic, dissolving the prey and absorbing it through the leaf surface. Trap-type plants have trapping sacs or trapping leaves that open and close; the aquatic carnivorous plant Utricularia has trapping sacs that drain the water inside and wait for insects in a low-pressure state. When an insect comes into contact with them, a hole opens and sucks in the prey. Plants such as Venus flytraps have several hairs on the surface of their leaves that close as soon as they come into contact with an insect, capturing it. Pitfall-type plants have tubular or bag-shaped organs with nectar glands that lure insects and capture them when they fall into them; examples include pitcher plants and Sarracenia. Ecologically, warm-temperate marshes, which produce beautiful flowers such as Japanese iris and Japanese egret flower, are good habitats for carnivorous plants. In these places, the habitats of Drosera veneta and Drosera longifolia are found in the moist areas where the groundwater level is relatively high, while Drosera veneta and Drosera sieboldii are found in the dry areas where the groundwater level is relatively low. In addition, in the marshes that produce carnivorous plants in warm-temperate zones, mesophytes such as silver grass invade as a result of transition, and eventually the marshes turn into sun-loving forests such as pine forests, driving out the carnivorous plants. In order to maintain such habitats, it is important to manage the marshes by regulating the water level, cutting reeds, removing grass and silver grass, and sometimes burning the grass. In addition, in the Ozegahara marsh, destruction can occur due to hikers trampling on the marshes, so careful consideration is required to protect the lives of carnivorous plants. [Kazuo Kotaki] "Carnivorous Plants - Cultivation and Observation Experiments" by Sadayuki Komiya and Kiyoshi Shimizu (1978, New Science Press) " "Carnivorous Plants" by Yoshigoro Suzuki (1957, Kashima Shoten) A carnivorous plant that grows near water and in wetlands. It catches insects using a trap. The leaves have long hairs on the edges and the surface is covered with glandular hairs. ©Seishohmaru "> Sundew This is a carnivorous plant that catches insects by catching them. The edges and surfaces of the stems and leaves have long glandular hairs that capture small insects. In May and June, small white flowers bloom at the top of the stems. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose "> Ishimochisou A carnivorous plant cultivated for ornamental purposes. The leaf blade is bivalve-shaped, with long stinging hairs on the edges. It traps insects in a trap-like fashion, and when an insect touches the sensory hairs on the leaf surface, it quickly closes both sides of the leaf. Also known as: Venus flytrap ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose "> Venus flytrap This is a pitfall-type carnivorous plant. The central vein of the leaf extends to become a vine, at the end of which a covered insect trap is created. The nectar glands inside the trap lure insects. The shape, size, and color of the trap vary depending on the species, and there are many horticultural varieties. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose "> Nepenthes The tube has a top diameter of about 5 cm and a prominent mesh pattern. The lid-shaped leaf pieces are wavy. ©Seishohmaru "> Sarracenia leucophylla Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
昆虫や小動物をとらえ、消化、吸収して栄養をとる植物の一群。日本では2科4属、約20種が知られる。食虫植物は普通の植物と同じように光合成、窒素同化を行って独立栄養の生活をするが、尾瀬ヶ原(おぜがはら)湿原のような窒素分を欠いた酸性の土壌条件のもとでも多くの種は生活が可能である。食虫植物の捕虫の仕方には、とりもち式(モウセンゴケ、イシモチソウなど)、わな式(タヌキモ、ミミカキグサなど)、落し穴式(ウツボカズラなど。日本産の種類はない)などがある。とりもち式とは、葉の表面や縁に粘液を分泌する腺毛(せんもう)によって昆虫などを捕食するもので、モウセンゴケでは、葉縁にある長い触毛に実験的に卵白片をつけると、すぐに屈曲運動がおこり獲物を取り囲む。また、葉の中央部には獲物を運ぶ働きもみられる。触毛の先端の粘液は酸性となり、獲物は溶かされ、葉面から吸収される。わな式とは、捕虫嚢(のう)や開閉する捕虫葉をもつもので、水生の食虫植物であるタヌキモでは捕虫嚢があり、その中の水を排水し、低圧状態となって虫を待つ。虫が接触すると穴が開いて獲物を吸い込む。また、ハエジゴクなどでは、葉の表面に数本の毛が生えており、虫が触れるとすぐに葉を閉じて、これをとらえる。落し穴式とは、筒型とか袋状の器官に蜜腺(みつせん)をもち、これで虫を誘い、落ち込んだところをとらえるもので、ウツボカズラのほか、サラセニアなどがある。 生態的にみると、ノハナショウブやサギソウなどの美しい花を咲かせる暖温帯の湿原は食虫植物のよい生育地である。このような所では、比較的地下水位の高い湿った場所にモウセンゴケやナガバノイシモチソウなど、比較的地下水位の低い乾いた場所にコモウセンゴケやイシモチソウなどといったすみ分けがみられる。また、暖温帯の食虫植物を産する湿原には、遷移の進行によってススキなどの中生植物が侵入し、やがてマツ林などの陽樹林に移り変わり、食虫植物はそのすみかを追われてしまう。このようなすみかを維持していくためには、湿原の水位の調節、アシなどの刈り取り、芝やススキのはぎ取りのほか、ときには芝焼きなどの管理がたいせつとなる。また、尾瀬ヶ原湿原などでは、ハイカーの踏みつけなどによる破壊もおこりうるので、食虫植物の生活を守るための細かい配慮も必要となっている。 [小滝一夫] 『小宮定志・清水清著『食虫植物――栽培と観察実験』(1978・ニュー・サイエンス社)』▽『鈴木吉五郎著『食虫植物』(1957・加島書店)』 水辺や湿地に生える食虫植物。捕虫はとりもち式。葉の縁に長い毛があり、表面は腺毛に覆われる©Seishohmaru"> モウセンゴケ とりもち式で昆虫などを捕食する食虫植物。茎葉の縁と表面に長い腺毛があり、これで小虫をとらえる。5~6月、茎上部に白色の小花をつける©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏"> イシモチソウ 観賞用などとして栽培される食虫植物。葉身は二枚貝の形をしており、縁には長い刺毛がある。捕虫はわな式で、葉面の感覚毛に虫が触れると急激に両面を閉じる。別名別名ハエトリソウ©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏"> ハエジゴク 落し穴式の食虫植物。葉の中央脈が伸びてつるとなり、その先端に蓋をもつ捕虫袋をつくる。捕虫袋の内部にある蜜腺で虫を誘い込む。袋の形態や大きさ、色なども種類によってさまざまで、園芸品種も多い©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏"> ウツボカズラ 筒は上部径約5cm、網目模様が目だつ。蓋状の葉片は波打つ©Seishohmaru"> サラセニア・レウコフィラ 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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