Commodity exchange - shohintorihikijo (English spelling)

Japanese: 商品取引所 - しょうひんとりひきじょ(英語表記)commodity exchange
Commodity exchange - shohintorihikijo (English spelling)

A facility established under the Commodity Futures Trading Act (Act No. 239 of 1950, formerly the Commodity Exchange Act) for futures and options trading on specific commodities or commodity indexes. The purpose of a commodity exchange is to determine commodity prices through a large number of speculative transactions, to make trading fair, to facilitate the production and distribution of commodities, and to contribute to the proper operation of the national economy. The functions of a commodity exchange to achieve these goals are (1) rapid and reliable large-volume trading, (2) the formation of fair leading price indicators, (3) price equalization, and (4) hedging against the risk of price fluctuations (risk avoidance). The last point is that risks arising from price fluctuations are offset by counter-trading (buying or selling) in the futures market, and for this reason this function is sometimes called "bridge trading" or "insurance bridge trading."

Commodities traded on commodity exchanges (listed commodities) must be suitable for futures trading. The conditions are: (1) uniform quality with a clear difference from the standard product, (2) not monopolized by either or both producers and consumers, (3) long shelf life, (4) general demand throughout the year, and (5) unstable supply. Specific examples include agricultural products (rice, corn, soybeans, adzuki beans, coffee beans, etc.), sugar, marine products (frozen shrimp, etc.), rubber, precious metals (gold, silver, platinum, palladium, etc.), aluminum, petroleum (crude oil, kerosene), electricity, and carbon dioxide emission rights, but new products are added and removed over time.

Futures transactions conducted on commodity exchanges consist of (1) spot futures transactions, (2) cash-settled futures transactions, (3) index futures transactions, and (4) options transactions. Spot futures transactions are transactions in which the parties agree to deliver and receive goods and payment at a specific time in the future, and either fulfill the promise at that time or settle the difference between the purchase and sale by making a counter transaction (reselling a previously purchased item or buying back a previously sold item) before that time. Cash-settled futures transactions are transactions in which the difference between the promised price for a specific commodity (contract price) and the actual price of the same commodity at a specific time in the future is delivered and received. The difference with spot futures transactions is that settlement by physical delivery is not possible. Index futures trading is a transaction in which the parties to a transaction agree to settle the difference between an index value (contracted index value) agreed upon in advance for an index that is a weighted average of the prices of multiple commodities with common characteristics, such as an agricultural index combining soybeans and red beans, and the index value at a certain time in the future (theoretical index value, a number announced by the exchange at a specified time each day).Options trading is a transaction in which the right to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a specific commodity at a specific quantity and price (exercise price, strike price) on a specific date or period in the future is bought or sold in cash at a predetermined conversion price.

The Commodity Futures Trading Act stipulates that a commodity exchange must be organized as a non-profit corporation or joint stock company organized and operated by members who hold certain membership qualifications. In the 1980s, there were 19 commodity exchanges across the country, but they were consolidated into three (2020): the Osaka Dojima Commodity Exchange, the Tokyo Commodity Exchange, and the Osaka Exchange. The Osaka Dojima Commodity Exchange is a member organization, while the Tokyo Commodity Exchange and the Osaka Exchange are joint stock companies.

Only those who meet certain qualifications can trade at the commodity exchange. They consist of market members, such as trading companies, wholesalers, and manufacturers whose business is buying and selling listed commodity components, and broker members (commodity traders) who trade at the exchange on behalf of customers. In addition, there are also brokers who only act as intermediaries for broker members. Market members trade exclusively for themselves. Commodity traders can trade on their own as well as on behalf of clients, but they are legally required to be a joint-stock company and have the financial foundation to perform their entrusted business in a sound manner, and they must renew their license every six years. Entrusted transactions must be traded at the exchange. It is not permitted to buy products entrusted to them for sale, or to sell products that you own in response to a purchase entrustment (these are called intervention rights). Such violations are called solitary acts. In recent years, the number of commodity traders has been decreasing due to the decline in commodity futures trading and the strengthening of solicitation regulations.

There are two methods of trading on exchanges: itayose and intraday trading. Itayose is collective competitive trading, where a large number of buys and sell orders are concentrated at a designated session several times a day, and the price (market price) when the two match is the contract price. Intraday trading is also known as individual competitive trading with multiple contract prices, where each party finds a counterparty and negotiates and determines price and quantity on a continuous basis, resulting in multiple contract prices overall. In modern exchanges, these transactions are processed by computers.

Important rules regarding futures trading include the expiration date, price limits, and margin system. The expiration date is the deadline for executing the contract, and is usually set on the day before the second Friday of March, June, September, and December. Five contract months are always traded in parallel, with the longest period being one year and three months. Price limits are a measure to prevent confusion caused by price fluctuations, and set certain upper and lower limits for each product based on the final contract price on the previous day. The margin system is a system in which the client deposits a specified margin with a statutory clearing organization (Japan Securities Clearing Corporation), which helps to facilitate the execution of settlement.

Commodity exchanges have a long history. In Europe, they began with the Oriental Products Exchange at the Amsterdam Stock Exchange in 1672, and as world trade developed, they spread widely throughout the country as a place for large-scale trading of international commodities such as wheat, cotton, and sugar. In Japan, the first rice market was said to be the Yodoya rice market, which opened in Osaka in 1661 (Kanbun 1), and the rice market that opened in Dojima, Osaka in 1698 (Genroku 11) became the origin of the Dojima Rice Exchange (currently the Osaka Dojima Commodity Exchange). After World War II, many commodity exchanges were established in response to the shift from a wartime controlled economy to a free trade economy, but during the period of high economic growth when anything you made could be sold, producers did not feel the need to list their products, and distributors did not feel the need to prepare for price fluctuations. As a result, the renewal of listed products was delayed, and the market became a place with a strong speculative flavor, and the functions that exchanges were supposed to fulfill declined. In addition, the development of communication methods weakened the reason for the existence of exchanges scattered throughout the country. In response to this situation, the Commodity Futures Trading Act has been amended several times, moving from regulation to nurturing, strengthening protection for clients, strengthening monitoring, and streamlining and modernizing exchanges.

In addition, in order to allow investors to manage their funds flexibly in a single account, there is a growing trend for commodity exchanges to become comprehensive exchanges that also handle physical securities and derivatives (financial derivative products). In Japan, the Osaka Exchange became the first comprehensive exchange in 2020 (Reiwa 2).

[Mitsuo Morimoto, Editorial Department, December 11, 2020]

[Reference item] | Osaka Exchange Co., Ltd. | Options | Competitive trading | Futures trading | Commodity trading | Bridge trading | Dojima Rice Market | Exchange | Only
Osaka Dojima Rice Exchange (Taisho period)
Dojima, Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture. "Osaka Prefecture Photo Album" (1914 (Taisho 3)) National Diet Library

Osaka Dojima Rice Exchange (Taisho period)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

商品先物(さきもの)取引法(昭和25年法律第239号。旧法名は商品取引所法)に基づいて設立された、特定の商品または商品指数についての先物取引およびオプション取引を行うための施設。商品取引所の目的は、多数の投機取引によって商品の価格を形成し、売買取引を公正化するとともに、商品の生産や流通を円滑化し、国民経済の適切な運営に資することにある。このような目的を果たすための商品取引所の機能は、(1)敏速・確実な大量取引、(2)公正な先行価格指標の形成、(3)価格の平準化、および(4)価格変動リスクに対するヘッジ(危険回避)にある。最後の点は、価格変動に起因するリスクを先物市場での反対売買(買いつなぎ、または売りつなぎ)によって埋め合わせることであり、そのためこの機能を「つなぎ売買」または「保険つなぎ」ということもある。

 商品取引所で取引される商品(上場商品)は、先物取引に適していなければならない。その条件は、(1)品質が均等で標準品との差が明確につけられること、(2)生産者・消費者の一方または双方が独占できないこと、(3)保存性の高いこと、(4)年間を通じて一般的需要のあること、(5)供給が不安定であること、などである。具体的には、農産物(コメ、トウモロコシ、大豆、小豆(あずき)、コーヒー豆など)、砂糖、水産物(冷凍エビなど)、ゴム、貴金属(金、銀、白金、パラジウムなど)、アルミニウム、石油(原油、灯油)、電力、二酸化炭素排出権などであるが、時代の流れによって追加されたり削除されたりする。

 商品取引所で行われる先物取引は、(1)現物先物取引、(2)現金決済先物取引、(3)指数先物取引、および(4)オプション取引から構成される。現物先物取引は、売買当事者が将来の一定時期に商品と代金を授受することを約束する取引であり、その時期に約束を実行するか、その前に反対売買(買っておいた物を転売する、売っておいた物を買い戻す)して、売買の差金(さきん)を清算することをいう。現金決済先物取引は、特定商品について約束する価格(約定価格)と、将来の一定時での同一商品の現実価格との差額の授受を約束する取引である。現物先物取引との相違点は、現物受渡しの決済ができないことである。指数先物取引は、大豆と小豆を組み合わせた農産物指数のように、共通性のある複数商品の価格を加重平均した指数について、取引当事者があらかじめ約定する指数値(約定指数値)と、将来の一定時期における指数値(毎日所定時間に取引所が発表する数値、理論指数値)の差を、あらかじめ定められた換算値段に従って現金で決済するよう約束する取引である。オプション取引(選択権売買取引)は、将来の特定の日または期間に、特定商品を特定数量・特定価格(権利行使価格、ストライク・プライス)で買う権利(コール・オプション)または売る権利(プット・オプション)を、プレミアムを払って売買する取引である。

 商品取引所の組織は、商品先物取引法によって、一定の会員資格を有する会員によって組織・運営される非営利法人か株式会社組織によると定められている。1980年代に全国に19あった商品取引所は、大阪堂島(どうじま)商品取引所、東京商品取引所、大阪取引所の三つに集約された(2020)。大阪堂島商品取引所は会員組織であり、東京商品取引所と大阪取引所は株式会社組織になっている。

 商品取引所で取引できるのは、一定の資格をもつ者に限られる。それは、上場商品構成物品の売買を業とする商社・問屋・メーカー等の市場会員と、客の委託を受けて取引所で取引を行う受託会員(商品取引員)からなるが、このほかに受託会員に委託の取次ぎのみを行う取次者が存在する。市場会員はもっぱら自己の取引のみを行う。商品取引員は、委託を受けた取引とともに自己の取引を行うことができるが、株式会社であること、受託業務を健全に遂行するための財産的基礎をもつことなどの要件が法定されていて、6年ごとに許可を更新しなければならない。委託を受けた売買は、かならず取引所に持ち出して取引しなければならない。売りを委託された商品を自ら買い取ったり、買いの委託に対し自ら保有する商品を売ったりすること(これらを介入権という)は許されない。このような違反行為を、のみ行為という。近年、商品先物取引の減少や勧誘規制強化の影響から、商品取引員数は減少している。

 取引所の取引には、板寄せ式とザラ場式の方法がある。板寄せ式は、集団的競争売買で、1日数回、所定の立会時間に多数の売りと買いを集中させ、両者が合致したときの価格(相場)を約定値段とする。ザラ場式は複数約定値段による個別競争売買ともいわれ、互いに相手をみつけて相対で価格・数量を交渉し決定することを連続的に行うもので、全体としては複数の約定値段が形成される。近代化した取引所では、これら取引はコンピュータによって処理される。

 先物取引に関するルールの重要なものとして、限月(げんげつ)、値幅制限、取引証拠金制度がある。限月は約定を実行する期限であり、通常3、6、9、12月の第2金曜日の前日と決められていて、つねに5限月取引が並行して行われ、最長は1年3か月の5限月取引となる。値幅制限は値段の乱高下による混乱を防ぐ措置であり、前日の最終約定値段を基準として商品ごとに一定の上下限を設定している。取引証拠金制度は、委託者が所定の委託証拠金を法定の清算機関(株式会社日本証券クリアリング機構)に預託し、決済履行の円滑化に資することをいう。

 商品取引所の歴史は古い。ヨーロッパでは、1672年アムステルダム取引所の東洋物産取引所に始まり、世界貿易の発達とともに、小麦、綿花、砂糖など国際商品の大規模取引の場として各地に広く普及した。日本では、1661年(寛文1)大坂に開かれた淀屋(よどや)米市が最初であるとされ、1698年(元禄11)大坂堂島に開かれた米場がのちの堂島米穀取引所(現在の大阪堂島商品取引所)の起源となった。第二次世界大戦後、戦時統制経済から自由取引経済への転換の波にのって、多くの商品取引所が設立されたが、つくれば売れる高度成長期には、生産者は商品上場の必要を、流通業者は価格変動に備える必要を感じなかった。このため上場商品の更新が遅れ、投機色の強い場となって、取引所の果たすべき機能が低下した。加えて通信手段の発達は、各地に分散する取引所の存在理由を希薄にした。こうした情勢を受けて、商品先物取引法が数次にわたって改正され、規制から育成へ、委託者保護の強化、監視の強化、取引所の整理統合と近代化が図られるようになった。

 また投資家が一つの口座で機動的に資金運用できるように、商品取引所が現物証券やデリバティブ(金融派生商品)も扱う総合取引所化の流れが主流となっており、日本でも2020年(令和2)に大阪取引所が日本初の総合取引所となった。

[森本三男・編集部 2020年12月11日]

[参照項目] | 大阪取引所(株) | オプション | 競争売買 | 先物取引 | 商品取引 | つなぎ売買 | 堂島米市場 | 取引所 | のみ行為
大阪堂島米穀取引所(大正時代)
大阪府大阪市北区堂島。『大阪府写真帖』(1914年〈大正3〉)国立国会図書館所蔵">

大阪堂島米穀取引所(大正時代)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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