Passion - Jounen (English)

Japanese: 情念 - じょうねん（英語表記）passion

Etymologically, it means passivity, and the word passion also referred to the Passion of Christ in the Middle Ages. Passion has been feared since ancient times because of its violent effects, and Democritus considered it a pathology of the soul and sought liberation through knowledge, while Plato also contrasted passion with reason. Aristotle viewed it psychologically and saw all mental movements as passions, but distinguished them from virtues and vices, which are the constant state of the soul. The Stoics, while distinguishing it from vices, saw passions as a disease of the soul, and considered apatheia, the absence of passion, to be the virtue of the wise. Thomas Aquinas conducted a comprehensive study and divided passions into two types, "appetitive" and "combative," and then established a systematic classification according to the goodness or evil and presence or absence of the object. In the early modern period, with the revival of Stoicism, the contrast between passions and vices became central to the history of theory. Descartes considered all passivity of the soul to be passions in the broad sense, but limited it to emotions in the narrow sense, excluding constant tendencies. However, in the 18th century, when the emotional life was emphasized, the constant desires were separated, and they were no longer seen as a disease of the soul, but rather were positively evaluated as a source of creativity. With Leibniz as a turning point, the word passion came to mean such constant activity, the dominant tendency of each individual. The emotional reaction that the word previously referred to is now called émotion (emotion, emotion) in French, and Leidenschaft (in contrast to Affekt) in German, but passion still retains its old Cartesian meaning in English. Thus, passion became close to "passion," and although Kant criticized it as irrational insanity, it gained overwhelming support within the Romantic school of thought, which even revered the pathology of genius.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

語源的には受動を意味し，同じ passionの語は中世以後，キリストの受難をもさした。古くから情念はその激しい効果のゆえに恐れられ，デモクリトスはこれを魂の病理として知による解放を求め，プラトンも情念を理性と対置した。アリストテレスは心理学的にとらえて，心の動きをすべて情念とみる一方，これを魂の恒常的なあり方である徳や悪徳と区別した。ストア派は悪徳と区別しつつも，情念を魂の病とみて，その欠如としてのアパテイアを賢者の徳とした。トマス・アクィナスは総合的研究を行い，「欲求的」「闘争的」の2つに分けたあとで，対象の善悪，在不在に従って体系的な分類を樹立した。近世になるとストア派の復活とともに情念と悪徳との対比が理論史の中心を占めるようになる。デカルトはすべての魂の受動を広い意味での情念としつつ，狭い意味でのそれを情動に限定して恒常的な傾向性を除外した。しかし感情生活を重視する 18世紀になると，恒常的欲求心が分離し，しかももはや魂の病気とみられることはなく，むしろ創造力の源泉として積極的に評価される方向をとる。ライプニッツを転機として，情念の語はこのような恒常的な活動，各個人の支配的な傾向性を意味するようになる。そして，従来その語がさしていた情動的反応にはフランス語では émotion (情動，情緒) の語が，ドイツ語では Affektに対して Leidenschaftがあてられるが，英語では passionはまだデカルト的な古い意味を保存している。かくして情念は「情熱」に接近し，カントがこれを非理性的な狂気として批判しはしたが，天才の病理性すらあがめるロマン派の思潮のなかでは圧倒的な支持を得た。

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