Jodo sect

Japanese: 浄土宗 - じょうどしゅう
Jodo sect

A sect of Japanese Buddhism. Founded by Honen Shonin Genku, the sect's teachings are to devote oneself to Amida Buddha, believe in his original vow, and seek rebirth in his Pure Land by chanting the name of Amida. Chion-in Temple (Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto City) is the head temple, and its other temples include Zojo-ji Temple (Minato-ku, Tokyo), Konkai-komyo-ji Temple (Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City), Chion-ji Temple (Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City), Shojoke-in Temple (Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto City), Zendo-ji Temple (Kurume City, Fukuoka Prefecture), Komyo-ji Temple (Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and Zenkoji Daihongan (Nagano City).

[Fumiyoshi Sueki]

history

Founder Genku studied a wide range of Buddhism, including Tendai Buddhism, on Mount Hiei, but after reading Zendo's Commentary on the Sutra of Contemplation of the Buddha of Infinite Life (Kanmuriyojukyosho), he became convinced of Pure Land Nembutsu and descended from Mount Hiei to begin spreading the faith. This is said to have happened in 1175 (Angen 1), when he was 43 years old, and this year is considered the year the Jodo sect was founded. Genku's main work, Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shu (Selected Collection of Nembutsu of the Original Vow), can be considered a declaration of the founding of the Jodo sect, explaining the reasons for establishing the Jodo sect anew in addition to the eight or nine existing sects. Many disciples gathered around Genku, but after his death, they began to fight over their own theories. The main ones among them are Ryūkan's Tanen-gi (Choraku-ji school), Benchō's Chinzei-gi, Kōsai's (1163-1247) Ichinen-gi, Shōkū's Seizan-gi, Chōsai's (1184-1266) Shogyo Hongan-gi (Kuhon-ji school), and Shinran's Ikkō-gi.

Today's Jodo sect descends from the Chinzei-gi sect, with the Seizan-gi sect becoming the Jodo sect Seizan-ha (later splitting off into the Seizan Jodo sect, the Jodo sect Seizan Zenrinji-ha, and the Jodo sect Seizan Fukakusa-ha), and the Ikko-gi sect becoming the Jodo Shinshu sect, which still exists today, but the other sects have disappeared. After the demise of Genku, the religious organization was initially supported mainly by Shinku (1146-1228), Ryukan, and Shoku, but their insistence on exclusive chanting of the Nembutsu (single-minded Buddhist chanting) drew criticism from the older sects, and they eventually came under political oppression. In particular, the oppression in 1227 (Antei 1) caused their influence in Kyoto to temporarily decline. During that time, the second patriarch, Shokobo Bencho of the Chinzei school, had been expanding his influence in Kyushu, but under the third patriarch, Nen'aryochu, he joined forces with Renjaku (1205-1281), a disciple of Genchi who was guarding the tomb of Genku, and further developed his teachings in the Kanto region. Ryochu had many disciples, from which six schools split off. These were the Fujita school of Shoshin (?-1299), the Nagoe school of Sonkan (1239-1316), the Shirahata school of Ryogyo (1251-1328), the Kobata school of Ryoku (?-1297), the Ichijo school of Nenku (?-1297), and the Sanjo school of Doko (1243-1330). Of these, the Shirahata school gained the most influence and is today's Jodo sect. The Shirahata school's doctrine and organization were established by Ryoyo Shogei (1341-1430), and Yuyo Shoso established Zojoji Temple in Kaizuka, Toshima County, Musashi Province (Tokyo), and spread the teachings. At the beginning of the Edo period, Genyo Sonno (Kanchi Kokushi) won the support of Tokugawa Ieyasu, and Zojoji Temple became the family temple of the Tokugawa family. He also worked with Sonsho (1562-1620) of Chion-in to establish the 35 Articles of the Jodo Sect Law (Genna Jomoku), and established the 18 Danrin temples in the Kanto region at the command of Tokugawa Ieyasu to promote the sect. After that, during the Meiji Restoration, the movement to abolish Buddhism and reject it led to a period of decline, but it was soon revived through the efforts of Shiio Benkyo and Mochizuki Shinko (1869-1948), and continues to this day. There are 6,916 temples, 51 churches, 89 others, 10,731 teachers, and 6,021,900 believers (Religious Yearbook, 2014 edition).

[Fumiyoshi Sueki]

Doctrine

The Jodo sect relies on the three sutras of the Pure Land, namely the Sutra of Immeasurable Life, the Sutra of Contemplation of Immeasurable Life, and the Sutra of Amitabha, and follows the teachings of Vasubandhu (Vajrapani)'s Upadesha Aspirations for Rebirth from the Sutra of Immeasurable Life (also called the Treatise on Rebirth in the Pure Land), Zendo's Commentary on the Sutra of Contemplation of Immeasurable Life, and Genku's Chosen Hongan Nembutsu Shu (abbreviated as Chosenshu). In terms of teaching, the two-gate distinction explained in Chosenshu basically divides Buddhism into the Shodo-mon (self-power sects that seek enlightenment in this life) and the Jodo-mon (Jodo sects that seek rebirth in the Pure Land), with the former being the difficult path and the latter being the easy path. With regard to Nembutsu rebirth, Zendo particularly emphasized three points: peace of mind (mental preparation), initiation (method of practice), and work (method of continuing).

Anxiety is the three minds described in the Sutra of Contemplation of the Buddha of Immeasurable Life, namely, sincere mind (a mind that is free from falsehood), deep mind (a mind that has deep faith), and mind that transfers and aspires (a mind that transfers good roots to rebirth in the Pure Land). The initial actions are the five correct actions (five actions performed with Amida Buddha as the object), namely, reciting, observing, worshiping, chanting the name, and offering in praise of Amida Buddha. Among them, chanting the name is considered to be the correct practice (an essential practice for rebirth based on the original vow), and the others are considered to be supporting practices. The practice consists of four types of practice: reverent practice (practicing from a sincere heart), no extraneous practice (practicing with undivided attention), endless practice (practicing constantly), and long-term practice (practicing for one's lifetime).

[Fumiyoshi Sueki]

"Outline of the History of the Jodo Sect, by Keitani Takakai (1978, Ryubunkan)" ▽ "Basic Courses on Japanese Buddhism 4: Jodo Sect, edited by Fujii Masao (1979, Yuzankaku Publishing)""Honen Shonin and the Jodo Sect, edited by Ito Yuinobu and Tamayama Seigen (1985, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)""Study of the Life of Honen and the History of the Jodo Sect, by Nakai Masataka (1994, Shibunkaku Publishing)"

[References] | Amitabha Sutra | One-thought doctrine and many-thought doctrine | Contemplation of the Sutra of Immeasurable Life | Genku | Komyoji Temple | Konkai - Komyoji Temple | Benkyo Shiio|Shoku|Seiko | Seijo -in Temple |Seiso| Three Pure Land Sutras | Jodo Shinshu |Shomyo|Shinran| Vasappa |Zenko- ji Temple | Selected Nembutsu Collection | Zendo |Zendo- ji Temple |Zon'o|Chion- in Temple | Chion-ji Temple | Abolition and rejection of Buddhism | Bencho |Sutra of Immeasurable Life | Ryōkan | Ryōchū
Jodo sect/brief family tree
©Shogakukan ">

Jodo sect/brief family tree


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本仏教の一宗派。法然上人(ほうねんしょうにん)源空(げんくう)を開祖とし、阿弥陀仏(あみだぶつ)に帰命(きみょう)し、その本願(ほんがん)を信じ、称名念仏(しょうみょうねんぶつ)によって、その浄土への往生(おうじょう)を期することを教旨とする。知恩院(京都市東山区)を総本山とし、増上寺(東京都港区)、金戒光明寺(こんかいこうみょうじ)(京都市左京区)、知恩寺(京都市左京区)、清浄華院(しょうじょうけいん)(京都市上京区)、善導寺(ぜんどうじ)(福岡県久留米(くるめ)市)、光明寺(こうみょうじ)(神奈川県鎌倉市)、善光寺大本願(長野市)を大本山とする。

[末木文美士]

歴史

開祖源空は比叡山(ひえいざん)において天台宗をはじめ広く仏教を学んだが、善導の『観無量寿経疏(かんむりょうじゅきょうしょ)』を読んで浄土念仏の確信を得、叡山を降りて布教に踏み切った。1175年(安元1)43歳のおりのことといわれ、この年が浄土宗開宗の年とされる。源空の主著『選択本願念仏集(せんちゃくほんがんねんぶつしゅう)』は、浄土宗の立宗宣言ともいうべきもので、従来の八宗、九宗に対して新たに浄土宗をたてるゆえんを説いている。源空の周囲には多数の門人が集まったが、源空没後、それぞれの説をたてて争うようになった。そのうち主要なものは、隆寛(りゅうかん)の多念義(たねんぎ)(長楽寺流)、弁長(べんちょう)の鎮西義(ちんぜいぎ)、幸西(こうさい)(1163―1247)の一念義(いちねんぎ)、証空(しょうくう)の西山義(せいざんぎ)、長西(ちょうさい)(1184―1266)の諸行本願義(九品寺流(くほんじりゅう))、親鸞(しんらん)の一向義(いっこうぎ)などである。

 今日の浄土宗は鎮西義の流れをくみ、ほかに西山義は浄土宗西山派(のち西山浄土宗、浄土宗西山禅林寺派、浄土宗西山深草派に分派)となり、一向義は浄土真宗となって現存するが、他の諸派は滅びた。源空滅後の教団は、初め、信空(1146―1228)、隆寛、証空らが中心となって支えたが、専修念仏(せんじゅねんぶつ)の主張が旧来の諸宗の批判を浴び、ひいては政治的弾圧を受けることとなった。とくに1227年(安貞1)の弾圧により、京都での勢力は一時衰えた。その間、鎮西義の聖光房(しょうこうぼう)弁長(二祖)は九州で勢力を伸ばしていたが、三祖然阿良忠(ねんありょうちゅう)に至って、源空の墓所を守っていた源智(げんち)の弟子蓮寂(れんじゃく)(1205―1281)と合流し、さらには関東に布教して発展を遂げた。良忠の門下は数多く、そのなかから6派が分かれた。すなわち、性心(しょうしん)(?―1299)の藤田派(ふじたは)、尊観(そんかん)(1239―1316)の名越派(なごえは)、良暁(りょうぎょう)(1251―1328)の白旗派(しらはたは)、良空(?―1297)の木幡派(こばたは)、然空(ねんくう)(?―1297)の一条派、道光(1243―1330)の三条派である。このうち、白旗派が最大の勢力を得て現在の浄土宗に至っている。白旗派は、了誉聖冏(りょうよしょうげい)(1341―1430)によって教義および組織が確立し、また酉誉聖聡(ゆうよしょうそう)は武蔵国(むさしのくに)(東京都)豊島(としま)郡貝塚に増上寺を開いて布教した。江戸時代の初めには源誉存応(げんよぞんのう)(観智国師(かんちこくし))が徳川家康の帰依(きえ)を受けて、増上寺は徳川家の菩提寺(ぼだいじ)となった。また、知恩院の尊照(1562―1620)と図って浄土宗法度(はっと)三十五条(元和条目(げんなじょうもく))を定め、徳川家康の命で関東十八檀林(だんりん)を設けて宗門の振興を図った。その後、明治維新時の廃仏棄釈の動きのなかで一時期衰退したが、まもなく椎尾弁匡(しいおべんきょう)、望月信亨(もちづきしんこう)(1869―1948)らの努力で復興し、今日に至っている。寺院数6916、教会数51、その他89、教師数1万0731、信者数602万1900(『宗教年鑑』平成26年版)。

[末木文美士]

教義

浄土宗では、浄土三部経、すなわち『無量寿経』『観無量寿経』『阿弥陀経』を所依(しょえ)の経典とし、世親(せしん)(天親(てんじん))の『無量寿経優婆提舎願生偈(うばだいしゃがんしょうげ)』(『往生論』ともいう)、善導の『観無量寿経疏』、源空の『選択本願念仏集』(略して『選択集』)の説に従う。教判としては、基本的に『選択集』に説く二門判により、仏教を聖道門(しょうどうもん)(現世に悟りを求める自力諸宗)と浄土門(浄土往生を求める浄土宗)に分け、前者を難行道(なんぎょうどう)、後者を易行道(いぎょうどう)とする。念仏往生に関しては、とくに善導によって、安心(あんじん)(心構え)、起行(きぎょう)(実践方法)、作業(さごう)(継続方法)の3点を重視する。

 安心は『観無量寿経』に説く三心(さんじん)、すなわち至誠心(しじょうしん)(虚仮不実(こけふじつ)を交えない心)、深心(じんしん)(深く信ずる心)、廻向発願心(えこうほつがんしん)(善根を廻向して往生に振り向ける心)である。起行は五種正行(阿弥陀仏を対象として行う五種の行)、すなわち読誦(とくじゅ)、観察、礼拝(らいはい)、称名、讃嘆(さんだん)供養で、なかでも称名を正定業(しょうじょうごう)(本願に基づく往生のための不可欠の行)とし、他を助業とする。作業は恭敬修(くぎょうしゅう)(真心から修すること)、無余修(むよしゅう)(専念して修すること)、無間修(むげんしゅう)(つねに修すること)、長時修(一生の間修すること)の四修である。

[末木文美士]

『恵谷隆戒著『概説浄土宗史』(1978・隆文館)』『藤井正雄編『日本仏教基礎講座4 浄土宗』(1979・雄山閣出版)』『伊藤唯信・玉山成元編『法然上人と浄土宗』(1985・吉川弘文館)』『中井真孝著『法然伝と浄土宗史の研究』(1994・思文閣出版)』

[参照項目] | 阿弥陀経 | 一念義・多念義 | 観無量寿経 | 源空 | 光明寺 | 金戒光明寺 | 椎尾弁匡 | 証空 | 聖冏 | 清浄華院 | 聖聡 | 浄土三部経 | 浄土真宗 | 称名 | 親鸞 | 世親 | 善光寺 | 選択本願念仏集 | 善導 | 善導寺 | 増上寺 | 存応 | 知恩院 | 知恩寺 | 廃仏棄釈 | 弁長 | 無量寿経 | 隆寛 | 良忠
浄土宗/略系図
©Shogakukan">

浄土宗/略系図


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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