The Shocho Earth Uprising

This was an uprising of peasants demanding virtuous government that began in Omi (Shiga Prefecture) in August 1428 (Shocho 1) and spread to Kyoto, Nara, and further to Kinai and neighboring provinces. It was the forerunner of the large-scale virtuous government uprisings that occurred throughout the country from the 15th to the 16th centuries, and it came as a great shock to the ruling class of the time. Later, Jinson, head priest of Kofukuji Daijoin, wrote, "This was the first time since the opening of Japan that peasants rose up." No virtuous government order was issued by the shogunate at this time, but various virtuous government orders were implemented in various places from 1428 to the following year. The Kyoto peasant uprisings, based at Toji Temple, stormed the city's warehouses and sake shops, taking back their borrowed money and pawned goods, and enacted private virtuous policies. In Nara, they succeeded in getting Kofukuji Temple to issue a decree of virtuous government. The inscription on the Yagyu virtuous government monument tells us that virtuous policies were also enacted in individual villages. The scale of these peasant uprisings extended to Iga, Ise, Yamato, Kii, Izumi, Kawachi, Tamba, Settsu, and Harima, and involved a wide range of common people who suffered not only from the seizure of annual taxes under the rule of the manor system, but also from the plundering by usury capital that was deeply infiltrating the area.

[Norimi Sakai]

"Ryoichi Suzuki, "Peasant Struggles in the Establishment of Pure Feudalism" (included in "Social Construction History System Vol. 2", 1949, Nippon Hyoronsha)" "Shuzo Murata, "So and Soikki" (included in "Iwanami Lectures on Japanese History 7", 1976, Iwanami Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1428年（正長1）8月に近江(おうみ)（滋賀県）より始まり、京都、奈良さらに畿内(きない)近国へと広がった、徳政(とくせい)を求める土民(どみん)（百姓）の一揆。以後15世紀から16世紀にかけて各地で蜂起(ほうき)する大規模な徳政一揆の先駆けとなるもので、当時の支配層に大きな衝撃を与えた。のちに興福寺大乗院門跡尋尊(じんそん)は「日本開白（闢）(かいびゃく)以来、土民蜂起これ初めなり」と記している。このとき幕府の徳政令は発布されなかったが、28年から翌年にかけて各地でさまざまな徳政が実施された。京都の土一揆は東寺(とうじ)を拠点に市中の土倉(どそう)、酒屋に押し寄せ、借銭、質物を取り返す私(し)徳政を行い、奈良では興福寺に徳政令を出させることに成功している。また柳生(やぎゅう)の徳政碑文は、里別に徳政が行われたことを物語っている。この土一揆の規模は、伊賀、伊勢(いせ)、大和(やまと)、紀伊、和泉(いずみ)、河内(かわち)、丹波(たんば)、摂津、播磨(はりま)に及ぶもので、荘園(しょうえん)制支配のもとでの年貢収奪に加え、それに吸着して、深く浸透してくる高利貸資本の収奪に苦しんでいた広範な民衆を巻き込んで展開された。

［酒井紀美］

『鈴木良一著『純粋封建制成立における農民闘争』（『社会構成史体系　第2』所収・1949・日本評論社）』▽『村田修三著「惣と土一揆」（『岩波講座　日本歴史7』所収・1976・岩波書店）』

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