Commons

Japanese: Commons
Commons

...However, in England, the knights, who were lower-ranking nobles, lost their warrior function and became landowners quite early on due to the spread of the military service fee system and the start of the use of mercenaries, so a unique class of notables called the gentry was formed. Moreover, the gentry came to have close ties with the city's citizens through occupation and blood ties, so that the House of Commons of the English Parliament was composed of representatives of the gentry and the citizens, which shows that the class system in England was quite fluid in nature compared to France and Germany.
[Class system and domination]
If we consider "status" broadly, not just in terms of legal status, but in contrast to "class" defined from an economic standpoint, the characteristics of a status-based society can be found in what Marxist historians call a system of "extra-economic coercion."

From the Plantagenet Dynasty

…The Hundred Years' War increased the need for funds to fight. Thus, the lords and representatives of the counties and cities (commons) were united, and the Parliament became bicameral. Next, in terms of social issues, England had been a supplier of high-quality wool to Flanders, a wool-producing region on the opposite coast, since the previous century, but Edward III restricted wool exports, invited engineers from the continent to develop wool production, and implemented a policy of industrialization.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Commons" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…ただ,イギリスにおいては,かなり早くから下級貴族たる騎士身分が,軍役代納金制の普及や傭兵使用の開始により,戦士の機能を失って地主化の道を歩んだため,ジェントリーという独特な名望家階層が形成された。しかもこのジェントリーは,生業のうえでも,血縁関係からも,都市の市民と密接なつながりをもつようになったので,イギリス議会の下院はジェントリーと市民の代表を合わせた〈庶民Commons〉から構成され,このことは,フランスやドイツ諸邦などに比して,イギリスの身分制社会がかなり流動的な性格をもっていたことを示している。
[身分制と支配]
 〈身分〉というものを,法制上の身分に限定せず,経済的見地より規定される〈階級〉と対置して広く考察するならば,身分制社会の特徴は,マルクス主義史家のいわゆる〈経済外強制〉のシステムに求められる。…

【プランタジネット朝】より

…百年戦争の戦費調達がその必要性を高めた。こうして諸侯と,州および都市の代表(〈庶民commons〉)はそれぞれ一体となり,パーラメント(議会)は二院制の姿をとるようになった。 次に社会的な面では,前世紀以来イングランドは対岸の毛織物生産地フランドルに対して良質の羊毛供給国であったが,エドワード3世は羊毛輸出を制限し,大陸より技術者を招いて毛織物生産を育成し工業化の政策を行った。…

※「Commons」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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