A general term for genetically uniform individuals. In diploid organisms, which have two sets of chromosomes, each pair of chromosomes originates from a single identical chromosome. Pure lines can be obtained by self-fertilization in plants that are capable of self-fertilization, and by repeated generations of inbreeding in plants and animals that are not. Since all of the homologous chromosomes in a pure line are the result of duplication and transmission of a single chromosome, the genes on them also originate from the same gene. An individual belonging to a pure line is called a homozygote, and has a pair of identical chromosomes and genes. In addition, there are no genetic differences between individuals in a pure line. When the number of chromosomes is large, it is difficult to obtain pure lines for all chromosomes. In particular, if an organism that has been outbreeding is suddenly inbred, the influence of recessive deleterious genes becomes large, resulting in a phenomenon called inbreeding depression, which reduces the viability and fertility of the individual. This makes it difficult to maintain the lineage itself. In addition, when the number of crosses increases, the effect of mutations cannot be ignored. Therefore, the term pure line is sometimes used only for a specific set of genes or traits. Even if a genetically pure line is pure, there may be mutations in the phenotype. These mutations are due to differences in interactions with the environment and are not inherited or transmitted to later generations. Artificial selection or natural selection of phenotypic traits between genetically uniform individuals does not have a genetic effect on later generations. Pure lines are indispensable for breeding purposes to cultivate new varieties and for classical genetic experiments. [Takahata Takayuki] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
遺伝的に均一な個体の総称。染色体の組を2組もつ二倍体生物では、どの1対の染色体も1本の同一の染色体に由来している。自家受精が可能な植物では自家受精によって、自家受精が不可能な植物や動物では近親交配を何代も繰り返すことによって純系を得ることができる。純系のもつ相同な染色体はみな一つの染色体が複製伝達されたものであるから、その上の遺伝子も同一遺伝子に由来している。 純系に属する個体をホモ接合体といい、1対の同一染色体・遺伝子の組をもつ。また、純系内の個体間にはなんらの遺伝的差異もない。染色体の数が多いと、すべての染色体に対して純系を得ることはむずかしくなる。とくに異系交配をしている生物を急に近親交配させると劣性有害遺伝子の影響が大きく、近交弱勢とよばれる現象が生じ、個体の生存力や稔性(ねんせい)が低下する。そのため系統自体の保持が困難になる。また、交配の回数が多くなると、突然変異の影響も無視できなくなる。したがって、純系ということばは、特定の遺伝子の組や形質についてだけ用いられることがある。遺伝的には純系であっても、表現型には変異がみられることがある。この変異は環境との相互作用の違いによるもので、後代に遺伝・伝達することはない。遺伝的に均一な個体間での表現形質に関する人為選択や自然選択は、後代に遺伝的影響を及ぼさない。純系は新しい品種を養成する育種的な目的や、古典的な遺伝実験には欠かすことはできない。 [髙畑尚之] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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