A general term for substances used to reduce friction and wear that occurs in the frictional parts of equipment. They are classified into three types depending on their form. (1) Liquid lubricants (oil-based, water-based) In oil-based lubricants, mineral oil refined from petroleum crude oil is most commonly used, and its main applications include engine oil, gear oil, and industrial lubricants (machine oil, bearing oil, turbine oil, refrigeration oil, etc.). Animal and vegetable oils (fats) have better lubrication than mineral oil, but have the disadvantage of being easily oxidized, so a mixture of the two is used. When higher properties than mineral oil are required in terms of lubricity, thermal and oxidation stability, etc., chemically synthesized synthetic oils (hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, silicon oils, fluorocarbons, etc.) are used. In water-based lubricants, emulsions in which oil (water) droplets are dispersed in water (oil) are used for rolling and cutting metals. In either case, various additives are added to compensate for the properties that are lacking. (2) Semi-solid lubricants (greases) These are the lubricating oils (1) made into a paste using metal soaps, etc., and are used for bearings where the oil is lost. They also serve to prevent the intrusion of foreign matter. (3) Solid lubricants These are used by adding to (1) or (2), or as a coating on the friction surface at high temperatures where lubricating oils cannot be used, at extremely low temperatures where the oil loses its fluidity, and in vacuum systems where contamination of the system is undesirable. They are made of soft metals such as molybdenum disulfide, graphite, gold, silver, and copper. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
機器類の摩擦部分に生じる摩擦や摩耗を減少させるために用いられる物質の総称。その形態により3種類に分類される。 (1) 液体潤滑剤 (油系,水系) 油系では,石油原油から精製される鉱油が最も多く使われ,主な用途にエンジン油,ギヤ油,工業潤滑油 (マシン油,軸受油,タービン油,冷凍機油など) などがある。動植物油 (脂) は鉱油より潤滑性にすぐれるが,酸化されやすい欠点をもつので,両者の混合油が使われる。潤滑性や熱・酸化安定性などの点で鉱油より高い特性が要求される場合には,化学的に合成される合成油 (炭化水素,エステル,エーテル,シリコン油,フッ化炭素など) が使用される。水系では,水 (油) 中に油 (水) 滴を分散させたエマルジョンが金属の圧延や切削加工などに使用される。いずれの場合も不足する性質を補う目的で各種の添加剤が加えられる。 (2) 半固体潤滑剤 (グリース) (1) の潤滑油を金属石鹸などでペースト状にしたもので,油が流失してしまう軸受などに用いられる。また異物の侵入を防止する役割もする。 (3) 固体潤滑剤 (1) や (2) に添加して用いる場合と,潤滑油が使用できない高温や油の流動性がなくなる極低温,系の汚れを嫌う真空系などで摩擦部表面に被膜にして使用される。二硫化モリブデン,黒鉛,金,銀,銅などの軟質金属がある。
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