Schwartz, Laurent

Japanese: シュワルツ（英語表記）Schwartz, Laurent
Schwartz, Laurent
Born: March 5, 1915, Paris
[Died] July 4, 2002. Paris. French mathematician. Studied at the Ecole Normale Supérieure and the University of Paris. After receiving his doctorate in mathematics in Paris, he was professor at the University of Nancy from 1945 to 1952, and at the Ecole Polytechnique from 1959 to 1960 and 1963 to 1983. In 1950, at the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Cambridge, USA, he was awarded the Fields Medal for his theory of generalization of the concept of function called distribution. Before Schwartz, physicists had worked with Paul Dirac's delta function, a density distribution whose value is always 0 for x ≠ 0, infinity for x ＝ 0, and its integral over the whole number line is 1. Schwartz established the theory of distributions by using a method of functional analysis to formulate such generalized functions as elements of the dual space of the space of all smooth functions with compact support. Schwarz's theory of generalized functions was subsequently applied to partial differential equations, potential theory, and spectral theory.

Schwartz
Schwartz, Melvin

Born: November 2, 1932, New York, New York
[Died] August 28, 2006. Twin Falls, Idaho. American physicist. Studied physics at Columbia University, receiving his PhD in 1958. Taught at Columbia from 1958 to 1966, and was a professor at Stanford University from 1966 to 1983. While at Stanford, he founded the computer security company Digital Pathways in 1970. In 1991, he became an associate director of Brookhaven National Laboratory, and returned to his position as a professor at Columbia, becoming a professor emeritus in 2000. In 1962, together with his Columbia colleagues Leon M. Lederman and Jack Steinberger, he devised a method to make neutrino experiments easier, and this method led to the discovery of the muon neutrino. For this achievement, the three were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988.

Schwartz
Shvarts, Evgenii L'vovich

Born: October 21, 1896 in Kazan
[Died] January 15, 1958. Leningrad. Soviet playwright. Interested in theater from a young age, he founded the amateur theater troupe "Theater Atelier" in Rostov, where he worked as both playwright and actor. In 1921, he moved to Leningrad with the theater troupe and achieved success, but it disbanded during the NEP era. From around 1924, he devoted himself to children's literature and playwriting. He wrote many fantastical and satirical plays using motifs from fairy tales and folk tales. His representative works include Golyi korol' (1934), Ten' (40), Drakon (44), the film screenplay Zolushka (47), and Don Quixote. His plays were revived in the 1960s at the Theater of Modern People (Sovremennik) in Moscow and elsewhere.

Schwartz
Schwarz, Friedrich Heinrich Christian

Born: May 30, 1776 in Giessen
Died: April 3, 1837. Heidelberg German theologian and pedagogue. Born to a theology professor at the University of Giessen, he studied hard and graduated from the University of Giessen after his father lost his job due to differences of opinion on the interpretation of the Bible. After graduation, he became a Lutheran pastor and engaged in missionary work. In 1804, he became the first Lutheran professor at the University of Heidelberg, where he taught theology until his death. He started out with Kantian philosophy, moved through romanticism, and then adopted a mystical stance. His main works are Grudriss einer Theorie der Mädchenerziehung (1792) (Discourse on the Education of Children) and Erziehungslehre (Educational Science) (4 volumes, 1801-13).

Schwartz
Schwarz, Berthold

A 14th century German Franciscan friar who is said to have been an alchemist. He is said to have invented gunpowder, but in fact is thought to have only contributed to its widespread use. He is also said to have been the first person in Europe to cast a bronze cannon barrel.

Schwartz
Schwartz, Maurice

[Born] 1890
[Died] 1960
Jewish actor and director. In 1919, he founded the Jewish Arts Theatre in New York and contributed to the development of Jewish theater.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1915.3.5. パリ
[没]2002.7.4. パリ
フランスの数学者。エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュールとパリ大学に学ぶ。パリで数学の博士号を取得したのち，1945～52年ナンシー大学，1959～60年および 1963～83年エコール・ポリテクニクで教授を務めた。1950年，アメリカ合衆国のケンブリッジで開催された国際数学者会議で，超関数と呼ばれる関数概念の一般化の理論により，フィールズ賞を受賞した。シュワルツ以前にも，物理学者はポール・ディラックのδ関数と呼ばれる密度分布を扱ってきた。δ関数は x≠0 のとき値が常に 0で，x＝0 で無限大となり，数直線全体での積分値が 1になるという性質をもつ。シュワルツはコンパクトな台をもつ，なめらかな関数全体の空間の双対空間の要素として，このような一般化された関数を定式化する関数解析の手法により，超関数の理論を確立した。シュワルツの超関数の理論はその後，偏微分方程式，ポテンシャル論，スペクトル理論などに応用された。

シュワルツ
Schwartz， Melvin

[生]1932.11.2. ニューヨーク，ニューヨーク
[没]2006.8.28. アイダホ，トウィンフォールズ
アメリカ合衆国の物理学者。コロンビア大学で物理学を学び，1958年博士号を取得。 1958～66年コロンビア大学の教壇に立ち，1966～83年にスタンフォード大学教授。同大学在職中の 1970年にコンピュータ・セキュリティ会社のデジタルパスウェイズを設立。 1991年ブルックヘブン国立研究所のアソシエイト・ディレクターに就任すると同時にコロンビア大学教授として復職，2000年に名誉教授。 1962年，コロンビア大学の同僚レオン・M.レーダーマン，ジャック・スタインバーガーとともに，ニュートリノの実験をしやすくする方法を考案し，この方法でミューニュートリノを発見した。この功績によって3人は，1988年ノーベル物理学賞をともに受賞した。

シュワルツ
Shvarts， Evgenii L'vovich

[生]1896.10.21. カザン
[没]1958.1.15. レニングラード
ソ連の劇作家。若い頃から演劇に興味をもち，ロストフでアマチュア劇団「演劇アトリエ」を創設，劇作家と俳優を兼ねる。 1921年劇団とともにレニングラードに移り成功を博したが，ネップ時代に解散。 24年頃から児童文学，劇作に専念した。童話や民話のモチーフを生かした幻想的，風刺的戯曲を数多く書いた。代表作『裸の王様』 Golyi korol' (1934) ，『影』 Ten' (40) ，『ドラゴン』 Drakon (44) ，映画のシナリオ『シンデレラ』 Zolushka (47) ，『ドン・キホーテ』 Don Kikhotなど。戯曲は 1960年代にモスクワの現代人劇場 (ソブレメンニク) などで再演された。

シュワルツ
Schwarz， Friedrich Heinrich Christian

[生]1776.5.30. ギーセン
[没]1837.4.3. ハイデルベルク
ドイツの神学者，教育学者。ギーセン大学神学教授の子に生れたが，聖書解釈上の意見の相違から父が職を奪われたため苦学してギーセン大学を卒業した。卒業後ルター派の牧師となり布教活動に従事。 1804年ルター教徒としては初めてのハイデルベルク大学教授に迎えられ，他界するまで神学を講じた。カント哲学から出発し，ロマン主義を経て，神秘主義の立場に立った。主著『子女教育論』 Grudriss einer Theorie der Mädchenerziehung (1792) ，『教育学』 Erziehungslehre (4巻，1801～13) 。

シュワルツ
Schwarz， Berthold

14世紀のドイツのフランシスコ会修道士。錬金術師であったといわれている。火薬の発明者と伝えられているが，実際には，その普及に貢献した程度と思われる。またヨーロッパでは，初めて大砲の砲身 (青銅製) を鋳造した人物とも伝えられている。

シュワルツ
Schwartz， Maurice

[生]1890
[没]1960
ユダヤ人の俳優，演出家。 1919年ニューヨークに「ユダヤ芸術劇場」を結成，ユダヤ演劇の育成に貢献した。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

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