Soft tissue

Japanese: 柔組織 - じゅうそしき
Soft tissue

Parenchyma refers to plant tissues made up of parenchyma cells. It constitutes the majority of the basic tissues of higher plants, and is found in all organs, such as the cortex and pith of stems and roots, the mesophyll of leaves, and the flesh of fruits. Parenchyma is also present as a component of the xylem and phloem of vascular bundles. The bodies of mosses and other lower plants are all made up of parenchyma. Parenchyma has more or less intercellular spaces, and the parenchyma cells that make up parenchyma vary in shape, but are generally living cells with thin cell walls and containing protoplasm and developed vacuoles. Parenchyma tissues originate from meristematic tissues, such as the apical meristem at the shoot apex or root tip, the procambium, the cambium, and the leaf margin meristem, and eventually differentiate and mature into permanent tissues that perform various important physiological functions. The main types of parenchyma include assimilation tissues involved in photosynthesis, water storage tissues characteristic of succulents, and storage tissues that store nutrients, such as tubers, tuberous roots, flesh, and endosperm. It also includes secretory tissues or cells that secrete tannins, resins, essential oils, gums, latex, mucus, etc. Parenchyma cells still retain the potential ability to undergo cell division after differentiation and maturation, but after division, they may lose their parenchyma cell properties and re-differentiate into other tissues. For example, differentiation into other tissues such as the cork cambium, abscission layer, and lateral roots is observed in the parenchyma during normal plant growth. When a plant is wounded, the wound closes due to the formation of wound-healing tissue in the parenchyma. It is also known that when parenchyma tissues such as pith are excised and cultured, active cell division results in the differentiation of organs such as roots and stems.

[Kengo Souma]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

柔細胞からなる植物組織のことで、高等植物の基本組織の大部分を占め、茎や根の皮層や髄、葉の葉肉、果実の果肉といったあらゆる器官にみられる。また、柔組織は維管束の木部や篩部(しぶ)にも構成要素として存在する。コケ植物その他の下等植物の体はすべて柔組織からなっている。柔組織には多少とも細胞間隙(かんげき)が存在し、柔組織の構成要素である柔細胞の形はさまざまであるが、一般に細胞壁が薄く、原形質および発達した液胞をもつ生きた細胞である。柔組織は植物体内で占める位置によってその起源は異なり、それぞれ茎頂や根端などの頂端分裂組織、前形成層、形成層、葉縁分裂組織といった分裂組織に由来するが、やがて分化成熟し、永久組織となって各種の重要な生理作用を営むこととなる。そのおもなものは、光合成に関与する同化組織、多肉植物に特徴的な貯水組織、塊茎・塊根・果肉・胚乳(はいにゅう)などのように栄養分を蓄える貯蔵組織などである。また、タンニン、樹脂、精油、ゴム質、乳液、粘液などを分泌する分泌組織または分泌細胞も含まれる。柔細胞は分化成熟後も、なお細胞分裂の能力を潜在的に保持しているが、分裂後、柔細胞としての性質を失って他の組織に再分化することがある。たとえばコルク形成層、離層、側根などといった他の組織への分化は、植物体の通常の成長過程における柔組織内で認められるものである。植物体が傷を受けるとその傷はふさがるが、これは柔組織内に癒傷組織が形成されるためである。また髄などの柔組織を切り取って培養すると、活発な細胞分裂の結果、根や茎などの器官が分化することも知られている。

[相馬研吾]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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