Jacob, François

Japanese: ジャコブ(英語表記)Jacob, François
Jacob, François
Born: June 17, 1920, Nancy
[Died] April 19, 2013. French geneticist in Paris. He studied at the Faculty of Medicine and then the Faculty of Science at the University of Paris, and obtained his medical doctorate in 1947 and his science doctorate in 1954. He began working on genetics research at the Pasteur Institute in 1950. He discovered that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in bacteria (→ bacteria) has a circular structure. In 1958, he began research on the regulation mechanism of enzyme production in bacteria with Jacques Monod. Based on the results, he proposed the operon theory in 1961. They hypothesized that in addition to individual genes for enzymes (structural genes), there exist other types of genes (regulatory genes) that regulate the function of those structural genes, and called a set of one regulatory gene and several structural genes that are regulated by it an operon. This hypothesis was useful in explaining metabolic regulation and bacterial adaptive phenomena, and later, facts suggesting the correctness of the hypothesis were obtained, and it is recognized for its value in opening the way to utilize molecular genetic knowledge in research on metabolism and development. In 1963, he proposed the replicon theory, which attracted attention as a working hypothesis for elucidating the mechanism of gene replication. In 1965, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Mono and André M. Lwoff for their work elucidating the regulatory mechanism of enzyme production in bacteria. He served as a professor at the Collège de France from 1965, and was elected a member of the French Academie des Sciences in 1977. His books include La Logique du vivant: une histoire de l'hérédité (1970) (The Logic of Life).

Jacob
Jacob, Max

Born: July 12, 1876 in Quimper
[Died] March 5, 1944. Seine-Saint-Denis, Drancy. French poet and painter. Born of Jewish descent. In 1894, he left his hometown of Brittany for Paris, where he made friends with Picasso and Apollinaire in Montmartre. He participated in the Cubist and Surrealist movements, and produced many poems, novels, essays, and plays. In 1909, he underwent a "conversion" to Christianity, and from 1921 onwards spent most of his time in seclusion and religious meditation, but was captured by the Nazis during World War II and died in a concentration camp. His writings are a complex mixture of Jewish, Breton (Celtic), and Catholic elements, focusing on the supernatural nature of the unconscious and using bold imagery to create a unique poetic world that combines deep religiosity, lyricism, mystery, and humor. In particular, his collection of prose poems, Le Cornet à dés (1917), had a great influence on modern poets, including the Surrealists. His main works include the Saint Matorel series (09-21), Le Laboratoire central (21), and Ballades (38).

Jacob

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Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1920.6.17. ナンシー
[没]2013.4.19. パリ
フランスの遺伝学者。パリ大学の医学部,次いで理学部に学び,1947年医学博士号を,1954年理学博士号を取得した。1950年よりパスツール研究所で遺伝学研究に従事。細菌(→細菌類)のデオキシリボ核酸 DNAが環状構造をとっていることを発見。1958年より,ジャック・モノとともに,細菌における酵素生産の調節機構に関して研究を開始。その成果をもとに 1961年オペロン説を提唱。彼らは,酵素に対する個々の遺伝子(構造遺伝子)のほかに,それらの構造遺伝子の働きを調節する別の種類の遺伝子(調節遺伝子)が存在すると仮定し,1個の調節遺伝子と,それによって調節を受ける数個の構造遺伝子とを一組として,これをオペロンと呼んだ。この仮説は,代謝調節や細菌の適応現象を説明するのに役立ち,のちには仮説の正しいことを示唆する事実が得られ,分子遺伝学の知見を代謝や発生の研究に役立てる道を開いたことに価値が認められている。1963年には,レプリコン説を立て,遺伝子の複製機構を解明するための作業仮説として注目を集めた。1965年,細菌における酵素生産の調節機構を解明した功績によりモノ,アンドレ・M.ルウォフとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞を授与された。1965年からコレージュ・ド・フランス教授を務め,1977年にフランスの科学アカデミー会員に選ばれた。著書に『生命の論理』La Logique du vivant: une histoire de l'hérédité(1970)など。

ジャコブ
Jacob, Max

[生]1876.7.12. カンペール
[没]1944.3.5. セーヌサンドニ,ドランシー
フランスの詩人,画家。ユダヤ系の生れ。 1894年に故郷ブルターニュからパリに出,モンマルトルでピカソ,アポリネールらと交友,キュビスム,シュルレアリスムの運動に参加,詩,小説,評論,戯曲を数多く残す。 1909年「回心」を経験,キリスト教信仰に入り,21年以降大半は隠棲して宗教的瞑想の生活をおくったが,第2次世界大戦でナチスに捕えられ,強制収容所で死んだ。その著作は,ユダヤ,ブルターニュ (ケルト) ,カトリックの要素の複雑な混合物ともいうべきもので,無意識の世界の超自然的性質に注目し,大胆なイメージを用いて深い宗教性と抒情性,神秘と滑稽の入り交った,特異な詩的世界をつくりだしている。特に散文詩集『骰子筒 (さいづつ) 』 Le Cornet à dés (1917) は,シュルレアリストをはじめ現代詩人に大きな影響を与えた。主著『聖マトレル』 Saint Matorelシリーズ (09~21) ,『中央実験室』 Le Laboratoire central (21) ,『バラード』 Ballades (38) 。

ジャコブ

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