Shagaku (English spelling) she-xue; shê-hsüeh

Japanese: 社学 - しゃがく（英語表記）she-xue; shê-hsüeh

A Chinese rural education institution. It originated around the Southern Song dynasty and developed greatly during the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the Ming dynasty, in addition to the national and rural educational institutions (prefectural and county schools) that were funded by the state, the establishment of social education institutions was encouraged to educate the children of local rural villages. In the Qing dynasty, social education institutions were established in areas where there were no prefectural or county schools, and were responsible for educating the children of nearby villages aged 12 to 20. Thus, social education institutions existed based on rural villages, but because the government was also strongly protective and supervised, their autonomous character gradually faded.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国の郷村教化機関。南宋頃に起源し，明・清代に大いに発達した。明では国費によって経営される国学，郷学 (府州県学) のほかに，地方郷村の子弟を教育するために社学の設立を奨励した。清でも府州県学の存在しない地に設けられ，近村人民の 12～20歳の子弟の教育を担当した。このように社学は郷村を基盤として存立するものであったが，政府の保護監督も強かったので，自治的な性格は次第に薄れていった。

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