Open surgery - open surgery

…However, nowadays, surgery is performed by opening the skull, pleura, and peritoneum and directly inserting a scalpel into the internal organs, so the Japanese word surgery has come to have a discrepancy between its content and its appearance, and it can be said that surgery has come to include internal medicine as well. If surgery is taken in a broad sense, it includes not only so-called open surgery, in which an incision is made and blood is drawn, as mentioned above, but also medical procedures that do not involve cutting the mucous membrane or skin. The latter is called non-open surgery, and includes the reduction of joint dislocations, fixation of fractures, and manual reduction of incarcerated hernias. …

*Some of the terminology that refers to "open surgery" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…しかし現在では，頭蓋，胸膜，腹膜を開き直接内臓にメスを入れて手術を行っているので，日本語の外科という言葉は，内容と字面とでは食い違いがおこってきており，外科が内科でもあるような内容をもつようになったといえよう。なお手術を広義にとる場合には，上述したように切開して血を見る，いわゆる観血的手術のほかに，粘膜や皮膚を切開せずに行う治療行為を含む。後者を非観血的手術とよぶが，これには関節脱臼の整復，骨折の固定，ヘルニア嵌頓（かんとん）の徒手整復などがある。…

※「観血的手術」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報