Society refers to a state in which multiple people are continuously gathered in a common space, or to the people themselves or the connections between them. The Japanese word "shakai" is said to have been created in 1875 by Fukuchi Ochi of the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun as a translation of the English word "society." Other translations included "society," "company," "friends," and "society," but these were gradually eliminated and became "shakai." It can be said that the concept corresponding to society did not exist in Japan before that, but in the Edo period, there was a word called "seken," which meant "the world of people" or "the world." As for Chinese, the following is quoted from the posthumous work "Er Cheng Quanshu" by the Song dynasty Confucian scholar Cheng Yichuan (1033-1107): "The people of the town are society." In the old Chinese meaning, 社 means a place where the local god is worshiped, and in the above example, 会, meaning a gathering of people, is added to it, saying that the villagers gather at the place where the local god is worshiped, so this is different from society in the modern sense. The word 社 (society) used in modern Chinese is a reverse import from Japanese. The English word society is a change from the French word societe, which was introduced in the 16th century, and the French word originates from the Latin societas, which means friends, cooperation, union, alliance, etc. The root of the German word Gesellschaft, Geselle, comes from ``friends in the same room,'' and it is said that this spatial representation was transformed into the meaning of society in the late Middle Ages, and the concept of ``society'' was created. It can be said that Japanese intellectuals in the early Meiji period translated these Western words as ``friends'' or ``social relations'' correctly in terms of the meaning of the words. However, these Western concepts were all elevated to the abstract concept of "civil society" in the early modern period, that is, in the 17th and 18th centuries, within the British and French Enlightenment thought that formed the basis of social science, and the British moral philosophy and classical economics that were its descendants, the French rationalist view of history and positivist philosophy, and the German idealist philosophy, and came to form the core of modern thought. Words such as "comrades," "society," or "society," which carry concrete images in everyday life, were not suitable to express this abstract core concept, and the word "society" was a newly coined word that did not exist in Japan until the Edo period, and, coupled with its abstract feel, it can be said to have been effective in transferring the core ideas of modern Western thought into Japanese. Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information |
複数の人びとが持続的に一つの共同空間に集まっている状態,またはその集まっている人びと自身,ないし彼らのあいだの結びつきを社会という。日本語の〈社会〉という語は,1875年に,《東京日日新聞》の福地桜痴によって,英語のsocietyの訳語としてつくられたとされる。他に〈世態〉〈会社〉〈仲間〉〈交際〉などの訳語も行われていたが,しだいに淘汰されて〈社会〉になった。社会に対応する概念がそれ以前の日本には存在していなかったといえるが,江戸時代には,〈世間〉という語があって〈人の世〉〈世の中〉といった意味をあらわしていた。中国語に関しては,宋代の儒学者程伊川(1033‐1107)の遺著《二程全書》に〈郷民為社会〉とあるのが引用される。中国の古い語義では,〈社〉は土地の神を祭ったところという意味で,上記の用例ではこれに人びとの集りという意味の〈会〉をつけて,〈村人たちが土地の神を祭ったところに集まる〉といっているのであるから,これは現代の意味での社会とは別である。現代の中国語で用いる〈社会〉は,日本語からの逆輸入によるものである。英語のソサイエティはフランス語のソシエテが16世紀に導入されて変化したもので,フランス語の語源はラテン語のsocietasである。これは仲間,共同,連合,同盟といった意味をあらわす。ドイツ語のGesellschaftの語幹Geselleは〈同一の室にいる仲間たち〉を語源とするもので,この空間的表象が中世後期に社会を意味するものに転じて,〈社会〉の概念ができたといわれる。明治の初年に日本の知識人たちが,これらの西洋語を〈仲間〉とか〈交際〉などと訳したのは語義として当たっていたということができる。しかし西洋語のこれらの概念は,いずれも近代初頭,すなわち17〜18世紀において社会科学の母体をなしたイギリスおよびフランスの啓蒙思潮と,その系譜を引くイギリスの道徳哲学および古典派経済学,フランスの理性主義的進歩史観および実証哲学,ドイツの観念論哲学などの諸思想の中で,〈市民社会civil society〉という,抽象化された概念へと高められ,近代思想の中核を形成するにいたる。この抽象化された中核概念をあらわすのに,日常性の中での具体的イメージを担った〈仲間〉とか〈交際〉あるいは〈世間〉ではふさわしくなく,〈社会〉という語は,江戸時代までの日本になかった新しい造語であること,またその抽象化された語感ともあいまって,西洋近代の中核思想をよく日本語の中に移す効力を発揮したといえる。
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