Shimotsuke Province

Japanese: 下野国 - しもつけのくに
Shimotsuke Province

The old name of a province in northern Kanto. The area roughly corresponds to the present Tochigi Prefecture. According to the Wamyōshō, it was made up of nine districts: Ashikaga, Yanada, Aso, Tsuga, Samukawa, Kawachi, Haga, Shioya, and Nasu, and these district names remained until the Meiji period. However, Shioya became Shioya. The date of establishment of the provinces and districts mentioned above is unknown, but northern Kanto was called Keno in ancient times, and was divided into Kozuke Province and Shimotsuke Province. The name Shimotsuke Province first appears in documents in 676 (Nihon Shoki, Emperor Tenmu, 5th year, May 7th entry), so it is thought that Shimotsuke Province was established at least before that. The Nasu Kuni no Miyatsuko Monument, currently located in Yuzukami, Otawara City, provides a valuable historical resource for elucidating ancient history. The inscription on the monument states that in 689 (the third year of the reign of Empress Jitō), Nasu no Ataeidei was granted the title of Koori no Kami, which indicates that at this time Nasu Province became Nasu County and was incorporated into Shimotsuke Province. Another thing that cannot be forgotten in the ancient history of Shimotsuke is the existence of Shimotsuke Yakushi-ji Temple. The temple was founded during the reign of Emperor Tenmu (673-686), and the ordination platform was established at the temple in 761 (Tenpyō Hōji 5). It is one of the three ordination platforms, along with those at Todai-ji Temple and Tsukushi Kanzeon-ji Temple. All those who wished to be ordained in the ten provinces of Bandō gathered at the temple.

Located on the border, the Kanto region faced off against the Emishi and maintained a tense relationship, and many powerful clans emerged. They forced peasants to work for cultivation and land reclamation, and their private fights escalated into a rebellion, the Taira no Masakado Rebellion (939-940). Shimotsuke Province was also caught up in this war, but it was Shimotsuke O-ryoushi Fujiwara no Hidesato who was instrumental in putting down the war. In the Middle Ages, their descendants became shunen. The main clans were the Ashikaga clan in Ashikaga, the Sano clan in Sano, the Koyama clan in Oyama, and the Yuki clan in Shimousa and Yuki. Thus, in the Middle Ages, in addition to the Ashikaga, Sano, and Oyama clans, local lords such as the Nasu clan in the north and the Utsunomiya clan in the center appeared. After the Fujiwara-Ashikaga clan, the Minamoto-Ashikaga clan rose to power and eventually became the Ashikaga Shogunate.

In the early modern period, the political landscape of Shimotsuke changed drastically. The Utsunomiya Domain was the largest feudal lord with castles in the province. However, even then, it only had a stipend of around 100,000 koku. With the exception of the Nasu clan feudal lords who remained in the northern part of Shimotsuke, the Ozeki and Otawara clans, all of them were Fudai feudal lords who frequently changed their fiefs. Thus, the form of ownership became complicated and intertwined with feudal lords, hatamoto, temple and shrine lands, and territories directly controlled by the shogunate. This was only possible under the powerful control of the shogunate. The fact that Tokugawa Ieyasu, the "divine ancestor" of the shogunate, was enshrined on Mount Nikko as Tosho Daigongen, had a great impact on the people of the province. Shimotsuke Province had no special industries other than the textile industry in the Ashikaga region and the long-famous Tenmei (Tenmei) casting in Sano, and was mainly based on staple grain agriculture. Therefore, it was a backward region, but the establishment of Toshogu Shrine accelerated this trend, creating a typical feudal image of humanity. After the Meiji Restoration, the administrative districts of the region changed frequently, but in 1871 (Meiji 4), when the feudal domains were abolished and prefectures were established, the two prefectures of Tochigi and Utsunomiya were created, and the current administrative district of Tochigi Prefecture was established through revisions in 1873 and 1876.

[Norio Akimoto]

"The Shimotsuke Kokushi (Records of the Country of Shimotsuke) by Morihiro Kono, 12 volumes (1848/Reprint edition, 1959, Shimotsuke Shimbun)"

Hiroshige Utagawa, "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces, Shimotsuke, Nikko-san Uraminotaki Falls"
1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library

Hiroshige Utagawa, "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces, Shimotsuke, Nikko..."


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

北関東にあった旧国名。地域は現在の栃木県にほぼ一致する。『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』によると足利(あしかが)、梁田(やなだ)、安蘇(あそ)、都賀(つが)、寒川(さむかわ)、河内(かわち)、芳賀(はが)、塩屋(しおのや)、那須(なす)の9郡からなっているが、これら郡名は明治に至るまで残存した。ただし「塩屋」は「塩谷」とされた。以上、国、郡の設立年代は不明であるが、北関東は古く「毛野(けの)」とよばれ、分かれて上野(こうずけ)国と下野国となったのである。文献に下野国の名が最初に現れるのは676年(『日本書紀』天武(てんむ)天皇5年5月7日条)であり、少なくもこれ以前に下野国は設立されていたと考えられる。現在、大田原(おおたわら)市湯津上(ゆづかみ)にある那須国造(くにのみやつこ)碑は、古代史解明に貴重な史料を提供するものである。その文中に689年(持統天皇3)那須直韋提(なすのあたえいでい)が評督(こおりのかみ)を賜ったとあるのは、このとき那須国が那須郡となり、下野国に編入されたことを示す。さらに下野の古代史において忘れることができないのは下野薬師寺の存在である。同寺の創建年代は天武天皇(在位673~686)時代とされ、同寺に戒壇が設けられたのが761年(天平宝字5)とされる。東大寺、筑紫(つくし)観世音寺(かんぜおんじ)のそれとともに三戒壇という。坂東(ばんどう)十国の得度(とくど)をしようとする者はことごとく同寺へ集まった。

 辺境にあって蝦夷(えぞ)と対峙(たいじ)し、緊張関係を維持した関東地方には、武力を蓄える豪族が輩出した。彼らは農民を使役して耕作、開墾を行うもので、彼らの私闘が反乱へと拡大したのが平将門(まさかど)の乱である(939~940)。下野国もこの戦乱に巻き込まれたが、その平定に功があったのが下野押領使(おうりょうし)藤原秀郷(ひでさと)であった。中世になるとその子孫は蕃衍(はんえん)した。すなわち、足利の足利氏、佐野の佐野氏、小山(おやま)の小山氏、下総(しもうさ)結城(ゆうき)の結城氏などがおもなるものであった。かくて中世になると足利、佐野、小山氏のほか、北には那須氏、中央には宇都宮氏などの在地領主が出現した。そして藤姓足利氏の後は源姓足利氏が勢威を振るい、ついに足利将軍家となったのである。

 近世になると下野の政治的景観は一変した。当国に城地を有する大名のうちで終始最大であったのは宇都宮藩であった。しかし、それでも高10万石前後にすぎなかった。下野の北辺に残った那須衆の大名、大関(おおぜき)、大田原(おおたわら)氏を除けば、いずれも譜代(ふだい)大名で激しく転封した。かくて領有形態は、大名、旗本、寺社領および幕府直轄領と複雑な入り組み状態を形成した。これも幕府の強力な権力支配下にして初めて可能なことであった。この幕府の「神祖」徳川家康が東照大権現(とうしょうだいごんげん)として日光山に鎮座したことは、当国の人心に大きな影響を与えた。下野国は足利地方の機業、それに古くから有名な佐野の天命(天明)(てんみょう)鋳物のほか特別な産業もなく、主穀農業が主たるものであった。したがって後進的な地域であったが、東照宮の鎮座はそれに拍車をかけ、典型的な封建的人間像を造成した。明治維新後、当国の行政区域はしばしば転変したが、1871年(明治4)廃藩置県とともに栃木、宇都宮両県となり、73、76年の改正により現行政区域の栃木県が成立した。

[秋本典夫]

『河野守弘著『下野国誌』全12巻(1848/復刻版・1959・下野新聞社)』

歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 下野 日光山裏見ノ滝』
1853年(嘉永6)国立国会図書館所蔵">

歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 下野 日光…


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