Diphtheria - Diphtheria

Japanese: ジフテリア - じふてりあ(英語表記)diphtheria
Diphtheria - Diphtheria

It is an acute infectious disease caused by droplet infection of the diphtheria bacteria on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, and is classified as a Class 2 infectious disease under the Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act. It is endemic in winter, but can be seen throughout the year in urban areas. Infants and small children are the most susceptible to the disease, and it is not uncommon in older children over 10 years of age and infants. Newborns often receive immunity from their mothers. Vaccinations are highly effective, and it has become a rare disease in developed countries. However, in the former Soviet Union, there was a shortage of vaccines due to the collapse of the regime, and diphtheria was once again prevalent from 1991 to 1995, with the number of patients reaching 44,261 in 1994. Japan also had to be cautious about the introduction of diphtheria by travelers from the former Soviet Union.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Symptoms

The disease varies greatly depending on the site of infection, and is classified into the following types:

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Pharyngeal diphtheria

This is a typical form of diphtheria, and is most common in children aged 2 to 5 years. The incubation period is 2 to 7 days. In the early stages, general systemic symptoms of acute infectious diseases such as influenza (headache, fever, fatigue, etc.) are seen, along with pharyngeal pain and swelling of the palatine tonsils and pharyngeal mucosa at the back of the throat. When a grayish-white moss-like substance appears on the tonsils in the form of spots or patches, it becomes easier to diagnose with a bacterial test. As the disease progresses, high fevers of over 40°C are often seen, the most characteristic pseudomembrane appears on the tonsils (around 12 hours after the onset of the disease), and the lymph nodes in the neck become swollen. The membranous pseudomembrane is difficult to peel off, and if you try to peel it off forcefully, it is prone to bleeding, and it often forms quickly. It is grayish-white in color, but can also be yellow or brown.

In severe cases, local tissue is destroyed and deep ulcers form. The pseudomembrane spreads to the palate and even the larynx, causing breathing difficulties and death by suffocation. At the same time, the exotoxins produced by the bacteria can cause myocardial, renal, and neurological disorders, worsening the patient's overall condition and causing death within 1-2 weeks.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Laryngeal diphtheria

Laryngeal diphtheria can occur when pharyngeal diphtheria progresses further into the throat, but it can also affect the larynx from the beginning. First, the patient develops a fever, wheezes in the throat, and develops a pseudomembrane in the larynx. As the membrane spreads, the voice becomes hoarse and the patient develops a distinctive cough that sounds like a dog's howl. The pseudomembrane impedes breathing, and if left untreated, the patient will suffocate and die. It was once called true croup.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Nasal diphtheria

It is often seen in newborn infants, who have candy-colored nasal discharge mixed with blood, and the pseudomembrane is often difficult to see because it is inside the nostrils. Moreover, since there is no fever and the overall symptoms are relatively few, it is a mild illness, so there is a risk of spreading the pathogen without being recognized as nasal diphtheria.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

others

Although rare, it can affect wounds in the skin, the umbilicus in newborns, the conjunctiva of the eye, and the mucous membranes of the vulva in girls.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

complications

Important sequelae of diphtheria exotoxin include diphtheretic myocarditis and post-diphtheretic paralysis.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Diphtheric myocarditis

There are two types: early and delayed. Early diphtheria myocarditis manifests as cardiac weakness within two weeks of the onset of diphtheria, and in some cases, death from heart attack occurs within one week. Late diphtheria myocarditis occurs three to four weeks after the onset of the disease, and can cause sudden death from heart attack. In either case, symptoms include facial pallor, abdominal pain, vomiting, arrhythmia, and low blood pressure, and the patient may suddenly lose consciousness or complain of difficulty breathing.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Post-diphtheria paralysis

During the recovery period from diphtheria, the peripheral nerves are affected by the toxin, causing paralysis of the soft palate, eye muscles, and limb muscles. In severe cases, the longer the administration of serum is delayed, the more widespread the paralysis becomes. In severe cases, the diaphragm becomes paralyzed, leading to breathing difficulties and death by suffocation. Paralysis generally resolves within 7 to 10 days. It is the most common sequelae.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Treatment

It is necessary to treat as early as possible before the diphtheria exotoxin reaches the nerves or heart muscle. In other words, antitoxin serum should be administered in sufficient quantities as early as possible. Penicillin and macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin) are also used in combination. If there is a risk of suffocation, a tracheotomy is performed, but if the pseudomembrane has blocked the lower part of the trachea, it may not be possible to save the patient's life. Constant vigilance is required for the onset of serum sickness. Absolute bed rest is required for the first two weeks of illness, and for about a month during the recovery period as well.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

prevention

Diphtheria patients are recommended by the director of the public health center, who receives a report from a certified doctor, to be hospitalized at a designated infectious disease medical institution (hospital) for treatment. Vaccination is an effective means of prevention, and regular vaccinations are recommended by law by the government. When people reach the age to receive regular vaccinations, they are notified by the city, town, or village office in their area. There are two types of vaccination: stage I (initial and booster vaccinations) and stage II. Stage I vaccinations usually use the "precipitated diphtheria-tetanus pertussis vaccine (DPT vaccine)," while stage II vaccinations usually use the "diphtheria-tetanus toxoid vaccine (DT vaccine)."

The first vaccination is given subcutaneously three times at intervals of 3 to 8 weeks between the ages of 3 and 12 months, with 0.5 ml of vaccine administered each time. The booster vaccination is given once between the ages of 12 and 18 months, at least 6 months after the completion of the first vaccination.

The second round of routine vaccinations is given to people aged 11 to 12 years, usually in the sixth grade of primary school.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Diphtheria

A representative species of the genus Corynebacterium , the causative agent of diphtheria. In 1883, German bacteriologist and pathologist Krebs discovered it in the pharyngeal pseudomembrane of a patient, and the following year, FAJ Löffler (1852-1915) succeeded in culturing it in pure culture. It is a gram-positive bacillus, 1.0-8.0 micrometers long and 0.3-0.8 micrometers wide, with one end swollen into a club shape. Under an optical microscope, it shows a V-shaped or palisade-like arrangement, which is due to differences in morphology before and after division, and is confirmed under an electron microscope. It has no flagella and is non-motile. It is classified into three types based on the colony characteristics on tellurite-added blood agar medium. In addition, infection with a certain phage causes diphtheria bacteria to synthesize toxins. This exotoxin is the cause of the main symptoms of diphtheria and also serves as a protective antigen.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

[Reference items] | Infectious disease prevention and medical care method | Croup syndrome | Krebs | Antitoxin therapy | Leffler's | Vaccine

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ジフテリア菌がおもに呼吸器の粘膜に飛沫(ひまつ)感染しておこる急性の感染症で、感染症予防・医療法(感染症法)により2類感染症に分類されている。流行期は冬であるが、都市部では年間を通じてみられる。かかりやすいのは幼児と小児で、10歳以上の年長児や乳児に少ないのも特色である。新生児は母体から免疫をもらっている場合が多い。予防接種の効果が顕著で、先進国ではまれな病気になった。しかし、旧ソ連圏では政権の崩壊の影響を受けてワクチン不足となり、1991~1995年にジフテリアがふたたび大流行し、1994年には患者数4万4261人に及び、日本でも旧ソ連圏からの旅行者によるジフテリアの侵入を用心しなければならない事態が生じた。

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症状

菌の感染部位によって大きな差異があり、次のような病型に分類される。

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咽頭ジフテリア

ジフテリアの代表的な型で、2~5歳の幼児にとくに多く、潜伏期は2~7日。インフルエンザなど急性感染症の一般的全身症状(頭痛・発熱・だるさなど)が初期にみられ、咽頭(いんとう)痛とのどの奥にある口蓋扁桃(こうがいへんとう)や咽頭粘膜の腫脹(しゅちょう)を伴う。扁桃に灰白色の苔(こけ)のようなものが点状または斑(はん)状に形成されるようになると、菌の検査で診断が容易になる。病勢が進むと40℃以上の高熱がしばしばみられ、もっとも特徴的な偽膜が扁桃部に生じ(発病後12時間前後)、頸(けい)部のリンパ節が腫(は)れてくる。膜様物の偽膜は剥離(はくり)しがたく、むりにはがすと出血しやすく、またすぐできることが多い。灰白色を呈するが、黄色または褐色のこともある。

 重症になると、局所組織が破壊されて深部に潰瘍(かいよう)ができる。偽膜が口蓋、さらには喉頭(こうとう)にも広がり、呼吸困難から窒息死することもある。また同時に、菌の産生した菌体外毒素によって心筋障害、腎(じん)障害、神経障害などをおこし、全身状態が悪化して1~2週間で死亡することがある。

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喉頭ジフテリア

喉頭ジフテリアは咽頭ジフテリアがさらにのどの奥に進んでおこることもあるが、最初から喉頭部が侵される場合もある。まず発熱し、のどがぜいぜいして喉頭に偽膜を生じ、それが広がるにつれて声がかれ、イヌの遠ぼえのような一種特有の咳(せき)をする。偽膜のために呼吸が妨げられ、放置すれば窒息死する。なお、かつては真性クループともよばれていた。

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鼻ジフテリア

生後まもない乳児に多くみられるもので、血液の混じった飴(あめ)色の鼻汁を出し、偽膜は鼻孔内にあって見えにくい場合が多い。しかも、発熱はなく全身症状も比較的少なくて病気としては軽いため、鼻(はな)ジフテリアとは気づかれずに病原菌をまき散らす危険もある。

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その他

まれではあるが、皮膚の傷、新生児のへそ、眼結膜、女児の外陰部の粘膜などを冒すものもある。

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合併症

ジフテリア外毒素による続発症としては、ジフテリア心筋炎とジフテリア後麻痺(こうまひ)が重要である。

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ジフテリア心筋炎

早期と後発性に分けられる。早期ジフテリア心筋炎は、ジフテリアの発病後2週間以内に心臓衰弱として現れ、なかには1週間で心臓麻痺で死亡する例もある。後発性ジフテリア心筋炎は、発病後3~4週間以後におこり、突然心臓麻痺で死亡する場合もある。いずれも顔面蒼白(そうはく)、腹痛、嘔吐(おうと)、不整脈、血圧降下などの症状がみられ、急に失神や呼吸困難を訴える。

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ジフテリア後麻痺

ジフテリアの回復期に末梢(まっしょう)神経が毒素に冒され、軟口蓋、眼筋、四肢の筋肉などが麻痺する。重症で、血清使用が遅れるほど広範囲にみられ、ひどいときは横隔膜が麻痺して呼吸困難から窒息死に至ることもある。一般には7~10日くらいで麻痺は回復する。続発症としては、もっとも多くみられる。

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治療

ジフテリア外毒素が神経や心筋に達しないうちに、できるだけ早期に治療することが必要である。すなわち、抗毒素血清を可及的早期に十分量使用する。また、ペニシリンやマクロライド系の抗生物質(エリスロマイシン)などを併用する。窒息の危険が認められるときは気管切開をするが、偽膜が気管の下部まで詰まっている場合には救命できないこともある。血清病の発現には絶えず注意する。病初2週間の絶対安静と、回復期も約1か月くらいは安静を守ることも必要である。

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予防

ジフテリア患者は認定した医師の届出を受けた保健所長により、感染症指定医療機関(病院)に入院して治療を受けることが勧告される。予防には予防接種が有効で、法律によって定期接種を受けることが国によって勧奨され、定期接種を受ける年齢になると、居住地域の市区町村役場から通知がある。接種方法は第Ⅰ期(初回・追加接種)と第Ⅱ期があり、第Ⅰ期の定期接種には「沈降精製百日せきジフテリア破傷風混合ワクチン(DPTワクチン)」が使われ、第Ⅱ期定期接種には「ジフテリア破傷風混合トキソイド(DTワクチン)」が使われるのが通例である。

 第Ⅰ期の初回接種は、生後3か月から12か月までの期間に3~8週の間隔を置いて3回、毎回0.5ミリリットルずつ皮下注射する。第Ⅰ期の追加接種は、初回接種完了後6か月以上の間隔を置いて、12~18か月の間に1回行う。

 第Ⅱ期定期接種は、11~12歳、すなわち通常は小学校6年生に行われる。

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ジフテリア菌

ジフテリアの病原体で、コリネバクテリウムCorynebacterium属の代表菌種。1883年ドイツの細菌・病理学者クレプスが患者の咽頭偽膜中より発見し、翌年レフラーF. A. J. Löffler(1852―1915)が純粋培養に成功した。グラム陽性菌で、長さ1.0~8.0マイクロメートル、幅0.3~0.8マイクロメートルの一端が棍棒(こんぼう)状に膨大している桿菌(かんきん)である。光学顕微鏡下ではV字状あるいは柵(さく)状配列を示すが、これは分裂前後の形態の相違によるもので、電子顕微鏡下で確認される。鞭毛(べんもう)はなく、運動はしない。テルル酸塩加血液寒天培地上の集落性状によって3型に分類される。また、ある特定のファージが感染することによってジフテリア菌は毒素を合成するようになる。この菌体外毒素がジフテリアの主要病状の原因となり、感染防御抗原ともなる。

[柳下徳雄]

[参照項目] | 感染症予防・医療法 | クループ症候群 | クレプス | 抗毒素療法 | レフラー | ワクチン

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