The ratio of payment reserves to the total amount of deposits of a financial institution. Financial institutions must hold a certain percentage of their total deposits in reserves so that they can respond to depositors' withdrawal requests at any time. In this case, payment reserves are broadly defined to include the financial institution's cash holdings, central bank deposits, deposits with other banks, call loans, etc., but when a certain percentage of the deposit balance is required by law to be held in the central bank, they are called required reserves, and the central bank uses this ratio as a policy tool to adjust the liquidity of financial institutions and control their credit capacity. This is currently used in developed Western countries, and in Japan it was introduced as a reserve deposit system in 1957, with the first reserve ratio determined in September 1959. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
金融機関の預金総額に対する支払準備金の比率。金融機関はいつでも預金者の払戻し要求に応じられるように,預金総額の一定割合の支払準備金を保有していなければならない。ここで支払準備金とは,広義には当該金融機関の保有現金,中央銀行預け金,他行への預け金,コールローンなどを含むが,このうち預金残高の一定比率に相当する中央銀行預け金が法律によって義務づけられている場合,所要準備金 required reservesといい,中央銀行はこの比率を変更することによって金融機関の流動性を調整し,その与信能力をコントロールする政策手段とする。現在は欧米先進国でこれが用いられており,日本でも 1957年に準備預金制度としてこれが導入され,59年9月に初めて預金準備率が決定された。
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