Also called standard stones. A fossil that indicates a certain geological period. Dating by fossils began in the early 19th century when W. Smith proved that different types of ammonites were found in different strata in the Jurassic System of England, and that certain species were limited to certain strata. Since index fossils were used to characterize strata in various places and the order of fossil occurrence is common over a wide area, the method of determining geological age by fossils was established. The value of index fossils is not limited to a specific region, but is global, and distributed in a short period of time. For example, planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria, which are widely distributed by ocean currents, ammonites that float with ocean currents as young, and large mammals with high mobility are used. It is also desirable that they have a fast evolutionary rate and a short life span. Index fossils establish living zones and further divide geological periods into different ages. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
標準化石ともいう。ある特定の地質時代を指示する化石。化石による時代算定は 19世紀の初頭 W.スミスが,イギリスのジュラ系のなかで,層準によって異なる種類のアンモナイトが産出し,一定の種はある地層群だけに限られることを証明したことに始る。その後,各地において示準化石で地層の特徴づけを行い,かつ化石の産出順序も広範囲にわたって共通していることから,化石による地質年代決定が確立された。示準化石としての価値は,その分布が地域的に限定されず,汎世界的であり,かつその分布も短時間でなされるものが適している。たとえば海流により広く分布する浮遊性有孔虫,放散虫,幼期に海流で浮遊するアンモナイト,移動力の大きい大型哺乳動物が使われる。また進化の速度が速く,生存期間が短いことが望ましい。示準化石により生存帯が確立され,さらに地質時代の年代区分が行われる。
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