Timetable - Jikokuhyo (English) timetable

Japanese: 時刻表 - じこくひょう（英語表記）timetable

A table showing the arrival and departure times for regularly scheduled transportation such as trains, buses, ships, and airplanes, or a booklet containing a large number of such tables.

overview

The most representative timetables in Japan are the JTB Timetable (published by JTB Publishing) and the JR Timetable (published by Kotsu Shimbunsha). They are published monthly and sold to transport operators and travel agencies, as well as to the general public at bookstores and station kiosks. These mainly cover JR lines, and in addition to train departure times (arrival times are also listed at major stations), they also list train numbers, nicknames (such as Nozomi and Hayate), destinations, and seasonal train operation days, as well as business information such as ticket types and fare calculation methods. They also include some information on private railways, buses, ships, and airplanes, and for the convenience of travelers, they also list accommodation and tourist information. Although these are approved as third-class mail, the weight is limited to 1 kilogram, but they are large booklets of B5 size and up to 1,000 pages. For this reason, small-sized versions with limited information are also published for easy portability.

In addition to these, timetables are also published for specific regions or lines. In the past, abridged versions of national versions were the norm, such as for Hokkaido and Kyushu, but since the 1990s, more distinctive timetables have been published, such as those covering commuter trains in metropolitan areas such as the Tokyo metropolitan area and Keihanshin, and those that include all of the stations and trains of private railway companies.

[Takashima Shuichi]

history

The world's first train timetable is said to be Bradshaw's Railway Guide , first published by the British George Bradshaw (1801-1853), which was published from 1839 to 1961. Japan's train timetables began publication in 1872 (Meiji 5) when the railway was established. Initially printed on a single sheet, train timetables began to be published in the Official Gazette when it was first published in 1883. In October 1894, the monthly booklet Steamship and Cargo Travel Guide was published (Koin Shinshisha, Tokyo), marking the beginning of train timetables for travelers. After that, Koeisha and Hakubunkan also published timetables in the form of travel guides, but in 1915 (Taisho 4), under the guidance of the Ministry of Railways, these three companies jointly established a travel guide company and began publishing the Official Steamship and Cargo Travel Guide. Although it was later officially recognized and became the Steam Locomotive and Ship Travel Guide, this was the most representative privately published timetable before the war. Many other timetables were published during the Taisho period, but all of them were written in Chinese numerals vertically, with train times displayed from right to left.

On the other hand, the railway authorities used timetables with Arabic numerals set horizontally within their own departments, and distributed them for business use and to foreign tourists from the end of the Meiji period onwards. One such timetable was the Railway Ministry Transportation Bureau's compilation of the Railway Ministry's Railway Timetable and Steamship Arrival and Departure Table, which the Japan Travel Culture Association (established in 1924, later the Japan Travel Bureau, now the JTB Group) reprinted and sold as the Railway Timetable in 1925. This was the predecessor to the JTB Timetable. In 1939 (Showa 14), the title was changed to Timetable, and in 1942, when the railways adopted a 24-hour system instead of a 12-hour system with morning and afternoon hours, the name was changed to Timetable, and the term "timetable," which had been used within the department, became more widely used. The magazine continued to be published until the end of the war, although its publication became irregular during and immediately after World War II. On the other hand, privately published timetables continued to be published alongside this one, but as control over publishing and paper became stronger during World War II, they were consolidated into the aforementioned Steam Locomotive and Ship Travel Guide, which also ceased publication in 1943.

After the end of World War II, several monthly timetables were launched, but the only ones that continued for a long time were Kotsu Annai-sha's "Pocket National Timetable" and "Japan Timetable." The Railway Kousai-kai also published several timetables, but eventually established Kousai Publishing and launched the "National Tourist Timetable" in 1963 (Showa 38), changing the title to "Large Timetable" the following year. In 1987, prior to the privatization and division of Japanese National Railways, the Japanese National Railways took over the "Large Timetable" from Kousai Publishing, with the aim of editing its own timetable. The name of the magazine was changed to "JR Timetable" the following year in 1988. Meanwhile, the Japan Travel Bureau, which had previously advertised itself as "supervised by Japanese National Railways," changed its position and changed the title to "JTB Timetable" in 1988, which remains the same to this day.

In the 1990s, computer software was released that allowed users to look up information such as timetables, routes, and fares simply by entering departure and arrival stations. As the Internet became more widespread, it became possible to search for the latest data online. Databases also began to cover multiple modes of transport, and searches could also be made by address or facility name, making them more convenient. As a result, the demand for printed timetables rapidly declined. In the midst of this, Kotsu Annai-sha ceased publication of its timetables in 2003 (Heisei 15) and the company was dissolved.

This trend is similar overseas, and today it is possible to search for arrival and departure times for trains and various forms of transport in many countries via the Internet. Thomas Cook Overseas Timetable has a long history dating back to Cook's Continental Timetables , first published in 1873 by T. Cook, who started the world's first travel agency in the UK, and covered timetables for major train lines in countries around the world, including Japan, but this magazine also ceased publication in 2013. The following year, a new company set up by editors of the magazine launched the European Rail Timetable , and new developments have been seen, but this should still be seen as aimed at a small number of enthusiasts.

[Takashima Shuichi]

"A Study of Timetables" edited by the Railway Friendship Club (1977, Kosaido Publishing)" ▽ "A Cultural Journal of Travel - Guidebooks, Timetables and Travelers" by Nakagawa Koichi (1979, Dento to Gendaisha)" ▽ "Japan's Railways and Timetables" edited by Takamatsu Kichitaro and Sato Tsuneharu (1979, Shinjinbutsu Oraisha)" ▽ "Timetables: A Journey Around the World" by Kubota Taro (1980, Japan Travel Bureau Publishing Division)" ▽ "Transportation Books 107: A Hundred Year History of Timetables" 3rd edition by Miyake Toshihiko (1997, Seizando Bookstore)" ▽ "The Story of the 1000th Timetable Issue - The History of the Timetable as Seen Through Its Covers" edited by the Traffic Information Department (2009, JTB Publishing)"

[References] | Cook | Railway

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

鉄道、バス、船、航空機など定期的に運行される交通機関について、その発着時刻を記載した表、またはそれらを多数掲載した冊子。

概要

日本の代表的な時刻表は『JTB時刻表』（JTBパブリッシング刊）と『JR時刻表』（交通新聞社刊）であり、毎月発行され交通事業者や旅行代理店などに販売されるほか、書店や駅売店などで一般向けにも売られている。これらはJR線を主とし、列車の出発時刻（主要駅では着時刻の記載もある）とともに、列車番号、列車愛称名（「のぞみ」「はやて」など）、行き先、季節列車の運転日などが記載してあるほか、乗車券類の種別や運賃計算の方法など営業案内も付してある。また、私鉄やバス、船、飛行機の時刻も、一部ではあるが収録しているほか、旅行者の便を図って宿泊施設や観光案内なども掲載している。これらは第三種郵便物の承認を受ける関係上、重量が1キログラム以内に抑えられているとはいえ、B5判で1000ページにわたる大部の冊子となる。そのため、携帯に便利なよう、情報を限って判型を小さくした小型判も発行されている。

　これらとは別に、特定の地域や路線に限った時刻表も発行されている。かつては北海道や九州など、全国版の一部を抄録したものが主流であったが、1990年代以降は首都圏や京阪神など大都市圏の通勤列車を網羅したり、私鉄各社が自社の全駅・全列車を掲載したりするなど、特色ある時刻表も発行されるようになった。

［高嶋修一］

歴史

世界最初の時刻表はイギリスのブラッドショーGeorge Bradshaw（1801―1853）が創刊した『Bradshaw's Railway Guide』とされており、1839年から1961年まで発行された。日本の時刻表は、1872年（明治5）の鉄道創業とともに発行が開始された。当初は一枚刷りであったが、1883年に『官報』が創刊されると、ここへ列車時刻が掲載されるようになった。1894年10月、冊子式で定期月刊の『汽車汽船旅行案内』が出版され（東京・庚寅(こういん)新誌社）、旅行者向けの時刻表の嚆矢(こうし)となった。以後、交益社、博文館からも旅行案内形式の時刻表がそれぞれ発刊されたが、1915年（大正4）鉄道院の指導によりこれら3社が合同して旅行案内社を設立し、『公認汽車汽船旅行案内』の発行を開始した。のちに「公認」がとれて『汽車汽船旅行案内』となったものの、これが戦前の民間発行による代表的な時刻表となった。大正時代にはこのほかにも多くの時刻表が発行されたが、いずれも漢数字縦組みで、列車時刻の推移は右から左へ表記される形式であった。

　他方、鉄道当局の部内ではアラビア数字横組の時刻表が使用されており、明治末以降、業務用や外国人旅行者向けに頒布していた。このようなものの一つであった鉄道省運輸局編纂(へんさん)『汽車時間表・附汽船自動車発着表』を、日本旅行文化協会（1924年設立。のちの日本交通公社、現在のジェイティービー・グループ）が1925年から『汽車時間表』として翻刻市販するようになった。これが『JTB時刻表』の前身にあたる。1939年（昭和14）には『時間表』と改題し、さらに1942年に鉄道で午前・午後の12時間制にかわって24時間制が採用されたのにあわせて『時刻表』と改め、部内用語であった「時刻表」が一般に流布するようになった。同誌は第二次世界大戦中から終戦直後にかけ刊行が不定期となったものの、戦後まで継続した。一方、民間発行の時刻表もこれと併存して発行を続けたものの、第二次世界大戦中に出版や用紙の統制が強まるなか前述の『汽車汽船旅行案内』に一本化され、それも1943年に廃刊となった。

　第二次世界大戦終結後は複数の月刊時刻表が創刊されたが、長期にわたり継続したのは交通案内社の『ポケット全国時刻表』と『日本時刻表』であった。また、鉄道弘済会もいくつかの時刻表を発行したが、やがて弘済出版社を設立して1963年（昭和38）に『全国観光時間表』を創刊し、翌年『大時刻表』と改題した。1987年、国鉄は分割民営化に先だち自ら時刻表を編集する方針をもって弘済出版社の『大時刻表』を継承した。誌名は翌1988年に『JR時刻表』となった。一方で、それまで表題に「国鉄監修」をうたっていた日本交通公社は立場が一転し、1988年に『JTB時刻表』と改題して現在に至っている。

　1990年代になると、発駅と着駅を入力するだけで時刻や経路、運賃などを調べることができるパソコン用のソフトが発売された。やがてインターネットが普及するとオンラインで最新のデータを検索することが可能となった。データベースも複数の交通機関を網羅するようになったり、住所や施設名称などからも検索が可能となったりするなど、利便性を増していった結果、冊子体の時刻表需要は急速に減退した。こうしたなか、交通案内社は2003年（平成15）に時刻表を廃刊し会社も解散した。

　この流れは外国でも同様で、今日では多くの国の鉄道および各種交通機関の発着時刻を、インターネットを利用して検索できるようになっている。『Thomas Cook Overseas Timetable』は、イギリスで世界最初の旅行代理業を始めたT・クックが1873年に創刊した『Cook's Continental Time Tables』以来の長い歴史をもち、日本を含め世界各国の主要路線の時刻表を網羅していたが、これも2013年に廃刊となった。翌年、同誌の編集者らが立ち上げた新会社が『European Rail Timetable』を創刊するなど新しい動きもみられるが、あくまで一部愛好家に向けたものとみるべきである。

［高嶋修一］

『鉄道友の会監修『時刻表大研究』（1977・広済堂出版）』▽『中川浩一著『旅の文化誌――ガイドブックと時刻表と旅行者たち』（1979・伝統と現代社）』▽『高松吉太郎・佐藤常治編『日本の鉄道と時刻表』（1979・新人物往来社）』▽『窪田太郎著『時刻表世界の旅』（1980・日本交通公社出版事業局）』▽『三宅俊彦著『交通ブックス107　時刻表百年のあゆみ』3訂版（1997・成山堂書店）』▽『交通情報部編『時刻表1000号物語――表紙で見る「時刻表」のあゆみ』（2009・JTBパブリッシング）』

[参照項目] | クック | 鉄道

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