Shell structure - shell structure

Japanese: シェル構造 - しぇるこうぞう(英語表記)shell structure
Shell structure - shell structure

Shells are thin, curved walls that resist external forces and perform a required function, such as seashells, eggshells, tableware, and containers, and curved, thin-walled structures that utilize the mechanical properties of shells are called shell structures. Shell structures for building roofs are often made of reinforced concrete, but curved, plate-shaped space truss structures are also often used. Metal plate shell structures are used for aircraft fuselages, submarines, and liquid storage tanks.

Figure A shows various types of surfaces and their uses. Surfaces of revolution are surfaces that are drawn when a plane curve called a meridian is rotated around an axis of rotation. Examples of such surfaces include dome-shaped surfaces, cylindrical surfaces, hyperboloids in one sheet, and conical surfaces. Surfaces that are drawn by translating various plane curves in the direction of and along other plane curves are called thrust surfaces. An example of a shell roof using such a surface is shown in the lower right of Figure A. A roof surface can also be constructed by translating a straight line and a curve that are not on the same plane as a guide, as shown in the upper right of Figure A. As shown in Figure B , among surfaces with twisted quadrilaterals as sides, a surface described by the formula Z = xy ( c is a constant) is called a hyperbolic paraboloid surface (HP surface). This is also called a ruled surface because it can be considered to be formed by two groups of straight lines that are perpendicular when projected onto a plane determined by the two adjacent sides. By combining various curved surfaces, it is possible to create shell roofs of various shapes, as in the example in Figure B , and highly dynamic architectural spaces with a wealth of variety.

The mechanical properties of a shell structure vary greatly depending on its curved shape, the presence or absence of edge beams, and the support method. In the spherical shell of Figure C (2), the load applied to the shell is supported by a combination of the arch action in the meridian direction and the hoop action of the latitudinal ring elements. The meridian force caused by the arch action and the hoop force generated in the ring elements by the hoop action are shown in the figure. The edge ring elements and edge beams play the role of the "hoops" of a barrel or pail. The tensile hoop force is countered by increasing the amount of latitudinal reinforcing bars. If the amount of reinforcing bars is insufficient or there are no edge beams, cracks will appear along the edges as shown in Figure C (3), and if a larger load is applied, bending deformation will become noticeable, bending along the dashed line in Figure C (4). By providing appropriate edge beams and taking advantage of the mechanical properties of the shell, a reinforced concrete shell structure just 10 centimeters thick can be used to construct an architectural space with a large span of several tens of meters, with no internal columns at all ( Fig. C ). The theory for analyzing such mechanical properties is called shell theory, and is a branch of structural mechanics and applied mechanics.

[Tsuneyoshi Nakamura]

“Colin FaberCandela/Shell Builder (1963, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York)”“Anton Tedesko Shells 1970‐History and Outlook; Concrete Thin Shells SP‐28 (1971, American Concrete Institute, Detroit)”

[Reference items] | Architectural structure | Structural mechanics | 3D structure
Various curved surfaces and shell structures (Fig. A)
©Shogakukan ">

Various curved surfaces and shell structures (Fig. A)

Hyperbolic-paraboloid (HP) shell (Fig. B)
©Shogakukan ">

Hyperbolic paraboloid surfaces (HP…

The role of the hoop element on the edge of a spherical shell and its collapse (Fig. C)
©Shogakukan ">

The role of the hoop elements on the edge of a spherical shell and their collapse…


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

貝殻、卵の殻、食器、容器のように、曲面状の薄い外壁で外力に抵抗して所要の機能を果たすものをシェルといい、シェルの力学的特性を利用した曲面状薄壁構造物をシェル構造という。建築物の屋根用のシェル構造としては、鉄筋コンクリート構造が用いられるほか、曲面板状立体トラス構造とすることも多い。航空機の機体、潜水艇、液体貯槽には金属板製のシェル構造が用いられる。

 図Aには種々の曲面と、その用途を示した。回転曲面は、経線(子午線)という平面曲線を回転軸の周りに回転させたときに描かれる曲面で、ドーム状曲面、円筒面、一葉双曲面、円錐(えんすい)面などがこれに属する。種々の平面曲線を別の平面曲線の方向に、それに沿って平行移動させることによって描かれる曲面を推動曲面という。それを用いたシェル屋根の一例を図A下段右に示した。同一平面上にない一直線と一曲線をガイドとして、図A上段右のように直線を移動させた場合にも、屋根用曲面を構成することができる。図Bのように、ねじれた四角形を辺とする曲面のうちで、Zxycは定数)の式で記述される曲面をハイパボリック・パラボロイド曲面(HP曲面)という。これは、隣接2辺の決定する平面に投象したときに直交するような2群の直線で形成されているとみなせるので線織面(せんしきめん)ともいう。種々の曲面を組み合わせると、図Bの例のように種々の形状のシェル屋根と、変化に富んだきわめてダイナミックな建築空間を構成することができる。

 シェル構造の力学的特性は、その曲面形状、縁梁(ばり)の有無、支持方法によって大きく異なる。図C(2)の球形シェルでは経線方向のアーチ作用と、緯線方向輪状要素のフープ作用の複合によってシェルに加わる荷重が支持される。アーチ作用によって生じる経線方向力と、フープ作用によって輪状要素に生じるフープ力を同図に示した。縁の輪状要素や縁梁は、桶(おけ)や樽(たる)の「たが」の役割を果たす。その引張りフープ力に対しては、緯線方向鉄筋量を多くすることによって対抗する。もしその鉄筋量が不十分であったり、縁梁がない場合には、図C(3)のように縁に沿ってひび割れが生じ、さらに大きな荷重が作用すると、図C(4)の破線に沿って折れ曲がるような曲げ変形が顕著になる。適当な縁梁を設け、シェルの力学的特性を生かした設計をすると、10センチメートル余りの厚さの鉄筋コンクリートシェル構造でも、内部に柱のまったくない、数十メートルの大スパンの建築空間を構成することができる(図C)。その力学的特性を解析する理論をシェル理論といい、構造力学や応用力学の一分野である。

[中村恒善]

『Colin FaberCandela/Shell Builder (1963, Reinhold Publishing Corporation,New York)』『Anton TedeskoShells 1970‐History and Outlook;Concrete Thin Shells SP‐28 (1971, American Concrete Institute, Detroit)』

[参照項目] | 建築構造 | 構造力学 | 立体構造
種々の曲面とシェル構造〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

種々の曲面とシェル構造〔図A〕

ハイパボリック・パラボロイド曲面(HP曲面)シェル〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

ハイパボリック・パラボロイド曲面(HP…

球形シェル縁のたが状要素の役割とその崩壊〔図C〕
©Shogakukan">

球形シェル縁のたが状要素の役割とその崩…


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